The Correlation between Bone Mineral Density and Particulate Matter in Patients with Osteoporosis
-
Seyed Mohammad Mohammadi
,
Mohammad Lotfi
,
Naser Kamyari
,
Fatemeh Shojaei Moghaddam
,
Gholamreza Goudarzi
,
Heidar Maleki
,
Jasem Salehi
,
Seyed Amin Hossaini Motlagh
,
Khadijeh Kanani
,
Sheyda Ghasemi
,
Esmat Radmanesh
Abstract
Background: This study examined the correlation between bone mineral density (BMD) and particulate matter (PM) in patients with osteoporosis.
Methods: People with osteopenia, osteoporosis, and normal BMD were included in the study. BMD, bone mineral content (BMC), T-scores, and Z-scores of the lumbar vertebrae (L1-L4) and femur were obtained by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Daily PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations during the study period (January 21, 2022, to May 21, 2023) were obtained from local monitoring stations, with missing data estimated using satellite-derived aerosol optical depth (AOD).
Results: In patients with osteoporosis, an inverse correlation exists between PM2.5 and PM10 with BMD, BMC, T-score, and Z-score in different parts of the femur except the neck T-score and lumbar spine. Still, none of the correlations was statistically significant.
Conclusion: There was no significant correlation between the mean concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 and the parameters of BMD, BMC, T-score, and Z-score in the bones of the femur and lumbar spine of patients with osteoporosis.
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5. Pang KL, Ekeuku SO, Chin KY. Particulate Air Pollution and Osteoporosis: A Systematic Review. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2021;14:2715-32. doi: 10.2147/rmhp.S316429. [PubMed: 34194253]. [PubMed Central: PMC8238075].
6. Mousavibaygei SR, Bisadi A, ZareSakhvidi F. Outdoor air pollution exposure, bone mineral density, osteoporosis, and osteoporotic fractures: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Total Environ. doi: 2023;865:161117. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161117. [PubMed: 36586679].
7. Torkashvand J, Jonidi Jafari A, Pasalari H, Shahsavani A, Oshidari Y, Amoohadi V, et al. The potential osteoporosis due to exposure to particulate matter in ambient air: Mechanisms and preventive methods. J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 2022;72(9):925-34. doi: 10.1080/10962247.2022.2085820. [PubMed: 35653555].
8. Zhang F, Zhou F, Liu H, Zhang X, Zhu S, Zhang X, et al. Long term exposure to air pollution might decrease bone mineral density T-score and increase the prevalence of osteoporosis in Hubei province: evidence from China Osteoporosis Prevalence Study. Osteoporos Int. 2022;33(11):2357-68. doi: 10.1007/s00198 022-06488-7. [PubMed: 35831465].
9. Yang Y, Li R, Cai M, Wang X, Li H, Wu Y, et al. Ambient air pollution, bone mineral density and osteoporosis: Results from a national population-based cohort study. Chemosphere. 2023;310:136871. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136871. [PubMed: 36244420].
10. Qiao D, Pan J, Chen G, Xiang H, Tu R, Zhang X, et al. Long-term exposure to air pollution might increase prevalence of osteoporosis in Chinese rural population. Environ Res. 2020;183:109264. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109264. [PubMed: 32311909].
11. Adami G, Cattani G, Rossini M, Viapiana O, Olivi P, Orsolini G, et al. Association between exposure to fine particulate matter and osteoporosis: a population-based cohort study. Osteoporos Int. 2022;33(1):169-76. doi: 10.1007/s00198-021-06060-9. [PubMed: 34268604]. [PubMed Central: PMC8758604].
12. Yu XH, Cao HW, Bo L, Lei SF, Deng FY. Air pollution, genetic factors and the risk of osteoporosis: A prospective study in the UK biobank. Front Public Health. 2023;11:1119774. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1119774. [PubMed: 37026121]. [PubMed Central: PMC10071034].
13. Shi W, Huang C, Chen S, Yang C, Liu N, Zhu X, et al. Long-term exposure to air pollution increases hip fracture incidence rate and related mortality: analysis of National Hip Fracture Database. Osteoporos Int. 2022;33(9):1949-55. doi: 10.1007/s00198-022-06445-4. [PubMed: 35654856].
14. Mazzucchelli R, Crespi Villarias N, Perez Fernandez E, Durban Reguera ML, Garcia-Vadillo A, Quiros FJ, et al. Short-term association between outdoor air pollution and osteoporotic hip fracture. Osteoporos Int. 2018;29(10):2231-41. doi: 10.1007/s00198-018-4605-7. [PubMed: 30094608].
15. Prada D, Crandall CJ, Kupsco A, Kioumourtzoglou MA, Stewart JD, Liao D, et al. Air pollution and decreased bone mineral density among Women's Health Initiative participants. EClinicalMedicine. 2023;57:101864. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.101864. [PubMed: 36820096]. [PubMed Central: PMC9938170].
16. Prada D, Zhong J, Colicino E, Zanobetti A, Schwartz J, Dagincourt N, et al. Association of air particulate pollution with bone loss over time and bone fracture risk: analysis of data from two independent studies. Lancet Planet Health. 2017;1(8):e337-e47. doi: 10.1016/s2542-5196(17)30136-5. [PubMed: 29527596]. [PubMed Central: PMC5841468].
17. Radmanesh E, Maleki H, Goudarzi G, Zahedi A, Ghorbani Kalkhajeh S, Hopke P, et al. Cerebral ischemic attack, epilepsy and hospital admitted patients with types of headaches attributed to PM10 mass concentration in Abadan, Iran. Aeolian Res. 2019;41:100541. doi: 10.1016/j.aeolia.2019.100541.
18. Keen MU, Barnett MJ, Anastasopoulou C. Osteoporosis in Females. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing; 2026.
19. Hafkenscheid T, Vonk J. Evaluation of equivalence of the MetOne BAM-1020 for the measurement of PM2. 5 in ambient air. Bilthoven, The Netherlands: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment; 2014.
20. Goudarzi G, Sorooshian A, Maleki H. Local and Long-Range Transport Dust Storms Over the City of Ahvaz: A Survey Based on Spatiotemporal and Geometrical Properties. Pure Appl Geophys. 2020;177:3979-97. doi: 10.1007/s00024-020-02458-4.
21. Ranjan AK, Patra AK, Gorai AK. A Review on Estimation of Particulate Matter from Satellite-Based Aerosol Optical Depth: Data, Methods, and Challenges. Asia-Pacific J Atmos Sci 2021;57(3):679-99. doi: 10.1007/s13143-020-00215-0.
22. Maleki H, Sorooshian A, Alam K, Fathi A, Weckwerth T, Moazed H, et al. The impact of meteorological parameters on PM(10) and visibility during the Middle Eastern dust storms. J Environ Health Sci Eng. 2022;20(1):495-507. doi: 10.1007/s40201-022-00795-1. [PubMed: 35669815]. [PubMed Central: PMC9163216].
23. Greed G, Haywood JM, Milton S, Keil A, Christopher S, Gupta P, et al. Aerosol optical depths over North Africa: 2. Modeling and model validation. J Geophys Res. 2008;113(D23). doi: J Orthop Spine Trauma. 2026; 12(2): 77-85. 10.1029/2007JD009457.
24. Alvaer K, Meyer HE, Falch JA, Nafstad P, Søgaard AJ. Outdoor air pollution and bone mineral density in elderly men - the Oslo Health Study. Osteoporos Int. 2007;18(12):1669-74. doi: 10.1007/s00198-007-0424-y. [PubMed: 17619807].
25. Chen Z, Salam MT, Karim R, Toledo-Corral CM, Watanabe RM, Xiang AH, et al. Living near a freeway is associated with lower bone mineral density among Mexican Americans. Osteoporos Int. 2015;26(6):1713-21. doi: 10.1007/s00198-015-3051-z. [PubMed: 25677718]. [PubMed Central: PMC4470808].
26. Alver K, Meyer HE, Falch JA, Søgaard AJ. Outdoor air pollution, bone density and self-reported forearm fracture: the Oslo Health Study. Osteoporos Int. 2010;21(10):1751-60. doi: 10.1007/s00198-009-1130-8. [PubMed: 20077108].
27. Lee K-Y, Liu W-T, Kuo HP, Wang CH, Chuang H-C, Chen TT, et al. Air pollution exposure and osteoporosis among retired workers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Occup Med Health Aff. 2014;2(3):167. doi: 10.4172/2329-6879.1000167.
28. Shin J, Kweon HJ, Kwon KJ, Han SH. Incidence of osteoporosis and ambient air pollution in South Korea: a population-based retrospective cohort study. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1):1794. doi: 10.1186/s12889-021-11866-7. [PubMed: 34610796]. [PubMed Central: PMC8493748].
29. Ranzani OT, Milà C, Kulkarni B, Kinra S, Tonne C. Association of Ambient and Household Air Pollution With Bone Mineral Content Among Adults in Peri-urban South India. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(1):e1918504. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.18504. [PubMed: 31899531]. [PubMed Central: PMC6991311].
30. Sung JH, Kim K, Cho Y, Choi S, Chang J, Kim SM, et al. Association of air pollution with osteoporotic fracture risk among women over 50 years of age. J Bone Miner Metab. 2020;38(6):839-47. doi: 10.1007/s00774-020-01117-x. [PubMed: 32507945].
2.Orellano P, Reynoso J, Quaranta N, Bardach A, Ciapponi A. Short-term exposure to particulate matter (PM(10) and PM(2.5)), nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)), and ozone (O(3)) and all cause and cause-specific mortality: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Int. 2020;142:105876. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105876. [PubMed: 32590284]. 3. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Osteoporosis: assessing the risk of fragility fracture. London, United Kingdom: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; 2017.
4. Nakao M, Ishihara Y. Author Response: Environmental Air Pollution and the Risk of Osteoporosis and Bone Fractures. J Prev Med Public Health. 2018;51(4):217-8. doi: 10.3961/jpmph.18.115. [PubMed: 30071711]. [PubMed Central: PMC6078910].
5. Pang KL, Ekeuku SO, Chin KY. Particulate Air Pollution and Osteoporosis: A Systematic Review. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2021;14:2715-32. doi: 10.2147/rmhp.S316429. [PubMed: 34194253]. [PubMed Central: PMC8238075].
6. Mousavibaygei SR, Bisadi A, ZareSakhvidi F. Outdoor air pollution exposure, bone mineral density, osteoporosis, and osteoporotic fractures: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Total Environ. doi: 2023;865:161117. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161117. [PubMed: 36586679].
7. Torkashvand J, Jonidi Jafari A, Pasalari H, Shahsavani A, Oshidari Y, Amoohadi V, et al. The potential osteoporosis due to exposure to particulate matter in ambient air: Mechanisms and preventive methods. J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 2022;72(9):925-34. doi: 10.1080/10962247.2022.2085820. [PubMed: 35653555].
8. Zhang F, Zhou F, Liu H, Zhang X, Zhu S, Zhang X, et al. Long term exposure to air pollution might decrease bone mineral density T-score and increase the prevalence of osteoporosis in Hubei province: evidence from China Osteoporosis Prevalence Study. Osteoporos Int. 2022;33(11):2357-68. doi: 10.1007/s00198 022-06488-7. [PubMed: 35831465].
9. Yang Y, Li R, Cai M, Wang X, Li H, Wu Y, et al. Ambient air pollution, bone mineral density and osteoporosis: Results from a national population-based cohort study. Chemosphere. 2023;310:136871. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136871. [PubMed: 36244420].
10. Qiao D, Pan J, Chen G, Xiang H, Tu R, Zhang X, et al. Long-term exposure to air pollution might increase prevalence of osteoporosis in Chinese rural population. Environ Res. 2020;183:109264. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109264. [PubMed: 32311909].
11. Adami G, Cattani G, Rossini M, Viapiana O, Olivi P, Orsolini G, et al. Association between exposure to fine particulate matter and osteoporosis: a population-based cohort study. Osteoporos Int. 2022;33(1):169-76. doi: 10.1007/s00198-021-06060-9. [PubMed: 34268604]. [PubMed Central: PMC8758604].
12. Yu XH, Cao HW, Bo L, Lei SF, Deng FY. Air pollution, genetic factors and the risk of osteoporosis: A prospective study in the UK biobank. Front Public Health. 2023;11:1119774. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1119774. [PubMed: 37026121]. [PubMed Central: PMC10071034].
13. Shi W, Huang C, Chen S, Yang C, Liu N, Zhu X, et al. Long-term exposure to air pollution increases hip fracture incidence rate and related mortality: analysis of National Hip Fracture Database. Osteoporos Int. 2022;33(9):1949-55. doi: 10.1007/s00198-022-06445-4. [PubMed: 35654856].
14. Mazzucchelli R, Crespi Villarias N, Perez Fernandez E, Durban Reguera ML, Garcia-Vadillo A, Quiros FJ, et al. Short-term association between outdoor air pollution and osteoporotic hip fracture. Osteoporos Int. 2018;29(10):2231-41. doi: 10.1007/s00198-018-4605-7. [PubMed: 30094608].
15. Prada D, Crandall CJ, Kupsco A, Kioumourtzoglou MA, Stewart JD, Liao D, et al. Air pollution and decreased bone mineral density among Women's Health Initiative participants. EClinicalMedicine. 2023;57:101864. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.101864. [PubMed: 36820096]. [PubMed Central: PMC9938170].
16. Prada D, Zhong J, Colicino E, Zanobetti A, Schwartz J, Dagincourt N, et al. Association of air particulate pollution with bone loss over time and bone fracture risk: analysis of data from two independent studies. Lancet Planet Health. 2017;1(8):e337-e47. doi: 10.1016/s2542-5196(17)30136-5. [PubMed: 29527596]. [PubMed Central: PMC5841468].
17. Radmanesh E, Maleki H, Goudarzi G, Zahedi A, Ghorbani Kalkhajeh S, Hopke P, et al. Cerebral ischemic attack, epilepsy and hospital admitted patients with types of headaches attributed to PM10 mass concentration in Abadan, Iran. Aeolian Res. 2019;41:100541. doi: 10.1016/j.aeolia.2019.100541.
18. Keen MU, Barnett MJ, Anastasopoulou C. Osteoporosis in Females. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing; 2026.
19. Hafkenscheid T, Vonk J. Evaluation of equivalence of the MetOne BAM-1020 for the measurement of PM2. 5 in ambient air. Bilthoven, The Netherlands: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment; 2014.
20. Goudarzi G, Sorooshian A, Maleki H. Local and Long-Range Transport Dust Storms Over the City of Ahvaz: A Survey Based on Spatiotemporal and Geometrical Properties. Pure Appl Geophys. 2020;177:3979-97. doi: 10.1007/s00024-020-02458-4.
21. Ranjan AK, Patra AK, Gorai AK. A Review on Estimation of Particulate Matter from Satellite-Based Aerosol Optical Depth: Data, Methods, and Challenges. Asia-Pacific J Atmos Sci 2021;57(3):679-99. doi: 10.1007/s13143-020-00215-0.
22. Maleki H, Sorooshian A, Alam K, Fathi A, Weckwerth T, Moazed H, et al. The impact of meteorological parameters on PM(10) and visibility during the Middle Eastern dust storms. J Environ Health Sci Eng. 2022;20(1):495-507. doi: 10.1007/s40201-022-00795-1. [PubMed: 35669815]. [PubMed Central: PMC9163216].
23. Greed G, Haywood JM, Milton S, Keil A, Christopher S, Gupta P, et al. Aerosol optical depths over North Africa: 2. Modeling and model validation. J Geophys Res. 2008;113(D23). doi: J Orthop Spine Trauma. 2026; 12(2): 77-85. 10.1029/2007JD009457.
24. Alvaer K, Meyer HE, Falch JA, Nafstad P, Søgaard AJ. Outdoor air pollution and bone mineral density in elderly men - the Oslo Health Study. Osteoporos Int. 2007;18(12):1669-74. doi: 10.1007/s00198-007-0424-y. [PubMed: 17619807].
25. Chen Z, Salam MT, Karim R, Toledo-Corral CM, Watanabe RM, Xiang AH, et al. Living near a freeway is associated with lower bone mineral density among Mexican Americans. Osteoporos Int. 2015;26(6):1713-21. doi: 10.1007/s00198-015-3051-z. [PubMed: 25677718]. [PubMed Central: PMC4470808].
26. Alver K, Meyer HE, Falch JA, Søgaard AJ. Outdoor air pollution, bone density and self-reported forearm fracture: the Oslo Health Study. Osteoporos Int. 2010;21(10):1751-60. doi: 10.1007/s00198-009-1130-8. [PubMed: 20077108].
27. Lee K-Y, Liu W-T, Kuo HP, Wang CH, Chuang H-C, Chen TT, et al. Air pollution exposure and osteoporosis among retired workers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Occup Med Health Aff. 2014;2(3):167. doi: 10.4172/2329-6879.1000167.
28. Shin J, Kweon HJ, Kwon KJ, Han SH. Incidence of osteoporosis and ambient air pollution in South Korea: a population-based retrospective cohort study. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1):1794. doi: 10.1186/s12889-021-11866-7. [PubMed: 34610796]. [PubMed Central: PMC8493748].
29. Ranzani OT, Milà C, Kulkarni B, Kinra S, Tonne C. Association of Ambient and Household Air Pollution With Bone Mineral Content Among Adults in Peri-urban South India. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(1):e1918504. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.18504. [PubMed: 31899531]. [PubMed Central: PMC6991311].
30. Sung JH, Kim K, Cho Y, Choi S, Chang J, Kim SM, et al. Association of air pollution with osteoporotic fracture risk among women over 50 years of age. J Bone Miner Metab. 2020;38(6):839-47. doi: 10.1007/s00774-020-01117-x. [PubMed: 32507945].
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 12 No 2 (2026) | |
| Section | Research Articles | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jost.v12i2.21512 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Osteoporosis Femur Particulate Matter | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Mohammadi SM, Lotfi M, Kamyari N, Shojaei Moghaddam F, Goudarzi G, Maleki H, Salehi J, Hossaini Motlagh SA, Kanani K, Ghasemi S, Radmanesh E. The Correlation between Bone Mineral Density and Particulate Matter in Patients with Osteoporosis. J Orthop Spine Trauma. 2026;12(2):77-85.
