The Effect of Reactive Neuromuscular Training Versus General Warm-up on Proprioception and Balance in Female Handball Players with Rounded Shoulder
RNT in rounded shoulder
Abstract
Backgrounds: the aim of this study was to compare the immediate effects of a session of Reactive Neuromuscular Training (RNT) with warming up exercises on shoulder proprioception and dynamic balance in female handball players with shoulder impingement.
Methods: In this controlled laboratory study, 18 female adolescent handball players from 14 to 18 years old were recruited from Samen City. The participants participated once in the warm-up routine program and once in the RNT program. Before and after each exercise program, shoulder proprioception was measured by photogrammetry, and dynamic balance of the upper limb was measured using the Wye balance test. The paired t-tests, with a significance level of 0.05, were employed to compare pre-test and post-test data.
Results: both exercise protocols had no significant effects on shoulder repositioning error (P>0.05). However, participation in both exercise programs resulted in a significant improvement in the dynamic balance score of the upper limbs of the athletes (P<0.001). Moreover, no significant differences were observed between the effect of routine handball exercises with the effect of RNT exercises on shoulder repositioning and dynamic balance in female handball players (P>0.05).
Conclusion: It seems that routine warm-up exercises and RNT could not improve proprioception in the shoulders of student-athletes with round shoulders. However, both training methods caused a significant improvement in the dynamic balance of the upper limb, although there was no significant difference between the effects of the two methods.
Keywords: Students, Female, Proprioception, Shoulder, Therapeutic Exercises
1. Brianezi L, Cajazeiro D, Maifrino L. Prevalence of postural deviations in school of education and professional practice of physical education. Journal of Morphological Sciences. 2017;28(1):0-.
2. Quka N, Stratoberdha D, Selenica R. Risk factors of poor posture in children and its prevalence. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies. 2015;4(3):97.
3. Yip CHT, Chiu TTW, Poon ATK. The relationship between head posture and severity and disability of patients with neck pain. Manual therapy. 2008;13(2):148-54.
4. Griegel-Morris P, Larson K, Mueller-Klaus K, Oatis CA. Incidence of common postural abnormalities in the cervical, shoulder, and thoracic regions and their association with pain in two age groups of healthy subjects. Physical therapy. 1992;72(6):425-31.
5. Borstad JD, Ludewig PM. The effect of long versus short pectoralis minor resting length on scapular kinematics in healthy individuals. The Journal of orthopaedic and sports physical therapy. 2005;35(4):227-38. Epub 2005/05/20. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2005.35.4.227. PubMed PMID: 15901124.
6. Sahrmann S, Azevedo DC, Dillen LV. Diagnosis and treatment of movement system impairment syndromes. Brazilian journal of physical therapy. 2017;21(6):391-9. Epub 2017/11/04. doi: 10.1016/j.bjpt.2017.08.001. PubMed PMID: 29097026; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5693453.
7. Yaver J. Diagnosis and treatment of movement impairment syndromes. Physical Therapy. 2002;82(6):626.
8. Ramasamy Y, Usman J, Razman R, Wei YM, Towler H, King M. A Systematic Review of the Biomechanical Studies on Shoulder Kinematics in Overhead Sporting Motions: Types of Analysis and Approaches. Applied Sciences. 2023;13(16):9463. PubMed PMID: doi:10.3390/app13169463.
9. Bahr R, Reeser JC. Injuries among world-class professional beach volleyball players: the Federation Internationale de Volleyball beach volleyball injury study. The American journal of sports medicine. 2003;31(1):119-25.
10. Clarsen B, Bahr R, Heymans M, Engedahl M, Midtsundstad G, Rosenlund L, et al. The prevalence and impact of overuse injuries in five N orwegian sports: Application of a new surveillance method. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports. 2015;25(3):323-30.
11. Fahlström M, Yeap JS, Alfredson H, Söderman K. Shoulder pain–a common problem in world‐class badminton players. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports. 2006;16(3):168-73.
12. Giroto N, Hespanhol Junior L, Gomes M, Lopes A. Incidence and risk factors of injuries in Brazilian elite handball players: A prospective cohort study. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports. 2017;27(2):195-202.
13. Seminati E, Minetti AE. Overuse in volleyball training/practice: A review on shoulder and spine-related injuries. European journal of sport science. 2013;13(6):732-43.
14. Ranson C, Gregory PL. Shoulder injury in professional cricketers. Physical Therapy in Sport. 2008;9(1):34-9.
15. Moller M, Attermann J, Myklebust G, Wedderkopp N. Injury risk in Danish youth and senior elite handball using a new SMS text messages approach. British journal of sports medicine. 2012;46(7):531-7.
16. Verhagen E, Van der Beek AJ, Bouter LM, Bahr R, Van Mechelen W. A one season prospective cohort study of volleyball injuries. British journal of sports medicine. 2004;38(4):477-81.
17. Lee J-h, Cynn H-s, Yoon T-l, Ko C-h, Choi W-j, Choi S-a, et al. The effect of scapular posterior tilt exercise, pectoralis minor stretching, and shoulder brace on scapular alignment and muscles activity in subjects with round-shoulder posture. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology. 2015;25(1):107-14.
18. Seo S-H, Jeon I-H, Cho Y-H, Lee H-G, Hwang Y-T, Jang J-H. Surface EMG during the push-up plus exercise on a stable support or Swiss ball: scapular stabilizer muscle exercise. Journal of physical therapy science. 2013;25(7):833-7.
19. Roddey TS, Olson SL, Grant SE. The effect of pectoralis muscle stretching on the resting position of the scapula in persons with varying degrees of forward head/rounded shoulder posture. Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy. 2002;10(3):124-8.
20. Karlsson J, Andreasson GO. The effect of external ankle support in chronic lateral ankle joint instability. An electromyographic study. Am J Sports Med. 1992;20(3):257-61. Epub 1992/05/01. doi: 10.1177/036354659202000304. PubMed PMID: 1636854.
21. Hwang-Bo G, Lee J-H, Kim H-D. Efficacy of kinesiology taping for recovery of dominant upper back pain in female sedentary worker having a rounded shoulder posture. Technology and Health Care. 2013;21:607-12. doi: 10.3233/THC-130753.
22. Cho Y-j, Kim M-j, Park C-w, Cho Y-b, Heo I-A, Kim S-j. A Study on the Effectiveness of Face-to-face Physical Therapy and Non-face-to-face Physical Therapy in Individuals With Rounded Shoulder. Physical Therapy Korea. 2023;30(1):50-8.
23. Lee H, Lee G, Kang S, Kang S, Kwon M, Kim R, et al. Effects of the home exercise program and exercise program of round shoulder adjusting on the shoulder height, the level of trapezius muscle activity and attention capacity for middle school students. Journal of the Korean society of integrative medicine. 2015;3(1):91-103.
24. Mohr AR, Long BC, Goad CL. Effect of foam rolling and static stretching on passive hip-flexion range of motion. Journal of sport rehabilitation. 2014;23(4):296-9. Epub 2014/01/25. doi: 10.1123/jsr.2013-0025. PubMed PMID: 24458506.
25. Guido JA, Jr., Stemm J. Reactive Neuromuscular Training: A Multi-level Approach to Rehabilitation of the Unstable Shoulder. North American journal of sports physical therapy : NAJSPT. 2007;2(2):97-103. Epub 2007/05/01. PubMed PMID: 21522207; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC2953291.
26. Nouri H, Sheikhhoseini R, Eslami R, Ghorbani M-R. The Effects of Reactive Neuromuscular Training on the Upper Quarter Posture in Students with Forward Head Posture: A Randomized Clinical Trial. International Journal of School Health. 2020;7(2):54-60.
27. Voight ML, Cook G. Clinical application of closed kinetic chain exercise. Journal of sport rehabilitation. 1996;5(1):25-44.
28. Ager A, Borms D, Deschepper L. Proprioception: how is it affected by shoulder pain? A systematic review. J Hand Ther. 2019;S0894-1130(19):30094-8. doi: doi.org/10.1016/j.jht.2019.06.002.
29. Arzi H, Krasovsky T, Pritsch M, Liebermann DG. Movement control in patients with shoulder instability: a comparison between patients after open surgery and nonoperated patients. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2014;23(7):982-92.
30. Franco PG, Santos KB, Rodacki AL. Joint positioning sense, perceived force level and two-point discrimination tests of young and active elderly adults. Brazilian journal of physical therapy. 2015;19:304-10.
31. Kerr GK, Worringham CJ. Velocity perception and proprioception. Sensorimotor control of movement and posture. 2002:79-86.
32. Sherrington CS. The integrative action of the nervous system. Scientific and Medical Knowledge Production, 1796-1918: Routledge; 2023. p. 217-53.
33. Riemann BL, Lephart SM. The sensorimotor system, part I: the physiologic basis of functional joint stability. Journal of athletic training. 2002;37(1):71.
34. Riemann BL, Lephart SM. The sensorimotor system, part II: the role of proprioception in motor control and functional joint stability. Journal of athletic training. 2002;37(1):80.
35. Salles J, Alves H, Amaral M, Cagy M, Cunha-Cruz V, Piedade R, et al. Study of proprioceptive function in professional volleyball athletes with atrophy of the infraspinatus. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2011;45(6):535-.
36. Simon AM, Ferris DP. Lower limb force production and bilateral force asymmetries are based on sense of effort. Experimental Brain Research. 2008;187:129-38.
37. Ma T, Li Q, Song Y, Hua Y. Chronic ankle instability is associated with proprioception deficits: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of sport and health science. 2021;10(2):182-91.
38. Jeong HS, Lee SC, Jee H, Song JB, Chang HS, Lee SY. Proprioceptive Training and Outcomes of Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Athl Train. 2019;54(4):418-28. Epub 2019/04/18. doi: 10.4085/1062-6050-329-17. PubMed PMID: 30995119; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6522092.
39. Salles JI, Velasques B, Cossich V, Nicoliche E, Ribeiro P, Amaral MV, et al. Strength training and shoulder proprioception. Journal of athletic training. 2015;50(3):277-80.
40. Fortin C, Ehrmann Feldman D, Cheriet F, Labelle H. Clinical methods for quantifying body segment posture: a literature review. Disability and rehabilitation. 2011;33(5):367-83.
41. Singla D, Veqar Z, Hussain ME. Photogrammetric assessment of upper body posture using postural angles: a literature review. Journal of chiropractic medicine. 2017;16(2):131-8.
42. Diab AA, Moustafa IM. The efficacy of forward head correction on nerve root function and pain in cervical spondylotic radiculopathy: a randomized trial. Clinical Rehabilitation. 2011;26(4):351-61. doi: 10.1177/0269215511419536.
43. Yoo W-g. Effect of the neck retraction taping (NRT) on forward head posture and the upper trapezius muscle during computer work. Journal of physical therapy science. 2013;25(5):581-2.
44. Ruivo R, Pezarat-Correia P, Carita A, Vaz J. Reliability and validity of angular measures through the software for postural assessment. Postural Assessment Software. Rehabilitación. 2013;47(4):223-8.
45. Cook G, Burton L, Torine J. Movement: Functional movement systems: Screening, assessment and corrective strategies. (No Title). 2010.
46. Westrick RB, Miller JM, Carow SD, Gerber JP. Exploration of the y-balance test for assessment of upper quarter closed kinetic chain performance. International journal of sports physical therapy. 2012;7(2):139.
47. Kucuk H, Karakas F. The effect of elbow joint proprioception sense on shooting hit in basketball. Journal of ROL Sport Sciences. 2023;4(3):1153-68.
48. Abdollahi I, Allahverdloo E. Reliability of Image Capture Technique for the Measurement of Upper Limb Active Joint Position Sense in Healthy Adults. Archives of Rehabilitation. 2021;22(2):246-59. doi: 10.32598/RJ.22.2.3224.1.
49. Stillman BC. An investigation of the clinical assessment of joint position sense. 2000.
50. Barendrecht M, Lezeman HC, Duysens J, Smits-Engelsman BC. Neuromuscular training improves knee kinematics, in particular in valgus aligned adolescent team handball players of both sexes. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2011;25(3):575-84.
51. Clifton DR, Harrison BC, Hertel J, Hart JM. Relationship between functional assessments and exercise-related changes during static balance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2013;27(4):966-72.
52. Guido Jr JA, Stemm J. Reactive neuromuscular training: a multi-level approach to rehabilitation of the unstable shoulder. North American journal of sports physical therapy: NAJSPT. 2007;2(2):97.
53. Ager AL, Borms D, Bernaert M, Brusselle V, Claessens M, Roy J-S, et al. Can a conservative rehabilitation strategy improve shoulder proprioception? A systematic review. Journal of sport rehabilitation. 2020;30(1):136-51. doi: 10.1123/jsr.2019-0400
54. Lee C-L, Chu I-H, Lyu B-J, Chang W-D, Chang N-J. Comparison of vibration rolling, nonvibration rolling, and static stretching as a warm-up exercise on flexibility, joint proprioception, muscle strength, and balance in young adults. Journal of sports sciences. 2018;36(22):2575-82.
55. Chow D, Leung K, Holmes A. Changes in spinal curvature and proprioception of schoolboys carrying different weights of backpack. Ergonomics. 2007;50(12):2148-56.
56. Kim Y, Lee J-M, Wellsandt E, Rosen AB. Comparison of shoulder range of motion, strength, and upper quarter dynamic balance between NCAA division I overhead athletes with and without a history of shoulder injury. Physical Therapy in Sport. 2020;42:53-60.
57. Escamilla RF, Yamashiro K, Paulos L, Andrews JR. Shoulder muscle activity and function in common shoulder rehabilitation exercises. Sports medicine. 2009;39:663-85.
2. Quka N, Stratoberdha D, Selenica R. Risk factors of poor posture in children and its prevalence. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies. 2015;4(3):97.
3. Yip CHT, Chiu TTW, Poon ATK. The relationship between head posture and severity and disability of patients with neck pain. Manual therapy. 2008;13(2):148-54.
4. Griegel-Morris P, Larson K, Mueller-Klaus K, Oatis CA. Incidence of common postural abnormalities in the cervical, shoulder, and thoracic regions and their association with pain in two age groups of healthy subjects. Physical therapy. 1992;72(6):425-31.
5. Borstad JD, Ludewig PM. The effect of long versus short pectoralis minor resting length on scapular kinematics in healthy individuals. The Journal of orthopaedic and sports physical therapy. 2005;35(4):227-38. Epub 2005/05/20. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2005.35.4.227. PubMed PMID: 15901124.
6. Sahrmann S, Azevedo DC, Dillen LV. Diagnosis and treatment of movement system impairment syndromes. Brazilian journal of physical therapy. 2017;21(6):391-9. Epub 2017/11/04. doi: 10.1016/j.bjpt.2017.08.001. PubMed PMID: 29097026; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5693453.
7. Yaver J. Diagnosis and treatment of movement impairment syndromes. Physical Therapy. 2002;82(6):626.
8. Ramasamy Y, Usman J, Razman R, Wei YM, Towler H, King M. A Systematic Review of the Biomechanical Studies on Shoulder Kinematics in Overhead Sporting Motions: Types of Analysis and Approaches. Applied Sciences. 2023;13(16):9463. PubMed PMID: doi:10.3390/app13169463.
9. Bahr R, Reeser JC. Injuries among world-class professional beach volleyball players: the Federation Internationale de Volleyball beach volleyball injury study. The American journal of sports medicine. 2003;31(1):119-25.
10. Clarsen B, Bahr R, Heymans M, Engedahl M, Midtsundstad G, Rosenlund L, et al. The prevalence and impact of overuse injuries in five N orwegian sports: Application of a new surveillance method. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports. 2015;25(3):323-30.
11. Fahlström M, Yeap JS, Alfredson H, Söderman K. Shoulder pain–a common problem in world‐class badminton players. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports. 2006;16(3):168-73.
12. Giroto N, Hespanhol Junior L, Gomes M, Lopes A. Incidence and risk factors of injuries in Brazilian elite handball players: A prospective cohort study. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports. 2017;27(2):195-202.
13. Seminati E, Minetti AE. Overuse in volleyball training/practice: A review on shoulder and spine-related injuries. European journal of sport science. 2013;13(6):732-43.
14. Ranson C, Gregory PL. Shoulder injury in professional cricketers. Physical Therapy in Sport. 2008;9(1):34-9.
15. Moller M, Attermann J, Myklebust G, Wedderkopp N. Injury risk in Danish youth and senior elite handball using a new SMS text messages approach. British journal of sports medicine. 2012;46(7):531-7.
16. Verhagen E, Van der Beek AJ, Bouter LM, Bahr R, Van Mechelen W. A one season prospective cohort study of volleyball injuries. British journal of sports medicine. 2004;38(4):477-81.
17. Lee J-h, Cynn H-s, Yoon T-l, Ko C-h, Choi W-j, Choi S-a, et al. The effect of scapular posterior tilt exercise, pectoralis minor stretching, and shoulder brace on scapular alignment and muscles activity in subjects with round-shoulder posture. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology. 2015;25(1):107-14.
18. Seo S-H, Jeon I-H, Cho Y-H, Lee H-G, Hwang Y-T, Jang J-H. Surface EMG during the push-up plus exercise on a stable support or Swiss ball: scapular stabilizer muscle exercise. Journal of physical therapy science. 2013;25(7):833-7.
19. Roddey TS, Olson SL, Grant SE. The effect of pectoralis muscle stretching on the resting position of the scapula in persons with varying degrees of forward head/rounded shoulder posture. Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy. 2002;10(3):124-8.
20. Karlsson J, Andreasson GO. The effect of external ankle support in chronic lateral ankle joint instability. An electromyographic study. Am J Sports Med. 1992;20(3):257-61. Epub 1992/05/01. doi: 10.1177/036354659202000304. PubMed PMID: 1636854.
21. Hwang-Bo G, Lee J-H, Kim H-D. Efficacy of kinesiology taping for recovery of dominant upper back pain in female sedentary worker having a rounded shoulder posture. Technology and Health Care. 2013;21:607-12. doi: 10.3233/THC-130753.
22. Cho Y-j, Kim M-j, Park C-w, Cho Y-b, Heo I-A, Kim S-j. A Study on the Effectiveness of Face-to-face Physical Therapy and Non-face-to-face Physical Therapy in Individuals With Rounded Shoulder. Physical Therapy Korea. 2023;30(1):50-8.
23. Lee H, Lee G, Kang S, Kang S, Kwon M, Kim R, et al. Effects of the home exercise program and exercise program of round shoulder adjusting on the shoulder height, the level of trapezius muscle activity and attention capacity for middle school students. Journal of the Korean society of integrative medicine. 2015;3(1):91-103.
24. Mohr AR, Long BC, Goad CL. Effect of foam rolling and static stretching on passive hip-flexion range of motion. Journal of sport rehabilitation. 2014;23(4):296-9. Epub 2014/01/25. doi: 10.1123/jsr.2013-0025. PubMed PMID: 24458506.
25. Guido JA, Jr., Stemm J. Reactive Neuromuscular Training: A Multi-level Approach to Rehabilitation of the Unstable Shoulder. North American journal of sports physical therapy : NAJSPT. 2007;2(2):97-103. Epub 2007/05/01. PubMed PMID: 21522207; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC2953291.
26. Nouri H, Sheikhhoseini R, Eslami R, Ghorbani M-R. The Effects of Reactive Neuromuscular Training on the Upper Quarter Posture in Students with Forward Head Posture: A Randomized Clinical Trial. International Journal of School Health. 2020;7(2):54-60.
27. Voight ML, Cook G. Clinical application of closed kinetic chain exercise. Journal of sport rehabilitation. 1996;5(1):25-44.
28. Ager A, Borms D, Deschepper L. Proprioception: how is it affected by shoulder pain? A systematic review. J Hand Ther. 2019;S0894-1130(19):30094-8. doi: doi.org/10.1016/j.jht.2019.06.002.
29. Arzi H, Krasovsky T, Pritsch M, Liebermann DG. Movement control in patients with shoulder instability: a comparison between patients after open surgery and nonoperated patients. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2014;23(7):982-92.
30. Franco PG, Santos KB, Rodacki AL. Joint positioning sense, perceived force level and two-point discrimination tests of young and active elderly adults. Brazilian journal of physical therapy. 2015;19:304-10.
31. Kerr GK, Worringham CJ. Velocity perception and proprioception. Sensorimotor control of movement and posture. 2002:79-86.
32. Sherrington CS. The integrative action of the nervous system. Scientific and Medical Knowledge Production, 1796-1918: Routledge; 2023. p. 217-53.
33. Riemann BL, Lephart SM. The sensorimotor system, part I: the physiologic basis of functional joint stability. Journal of athletic training. 2002;37(1):71.
34. Riemann BL, Lephart SM. The sensorimotor system, part II: the role of proprioception in motor control and functional joint stability. Journal of athletic training. 2002;37(1):80.
35. Salles J, Alves H, Amaral M, Cagy M, Cunha-Cruz V, Piedade R, et al. Study of proprioceptive function in professional volleyball athletes with atrophy of the infraspinatus. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2011;45(6):535-.
36. Simon AM, Ferris DP. Lower limb force production and bilateral force asymmetries are based on sense of effort. Experimental Brain Research. 2008;187:129-38.
37. Ma T, Li Q, Song Y, Hua Y. Chronic ankle instability is associated with proprioception deficits: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of sport and health science. 2021;10(2):182-91.
38. Jeong HS, Lee SC, Jee H, Song JB, Chang HS, Lee SY. Proprioceptive Training and Outcomes of Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Athl Train. 2019;54(4):418-28. Epub 2019/04/18. doi: 10.4085/1062-6050-329-17. PubMed PMID: 30995119; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6522092.
39. Salles JI, Velasques B, Cossich V, Nicoliche E, Ribeiro P, Amaral MV, et al. Strength training and shoulder proprioception. Journal of athletic training. 2015;50(3):277-80.
40. Fortin C, Ehrmann Feldman D, Cheriet F, Labelle H. Clinical methods for quantifying body segment posture: a literature review. Disability and rehabilitation. 2011;33(5):367-83.
41. Singla D, Veqar Z, Hussain ME. Photogrammetric assessment of upper body posture using postural angles: a literature review. Journal of chiropractic medicine. 2017;16(2):131-8.
42. Diab AA, Moustafa IM. The efficacy of forward head correction on nerve root function and pain in cervical spondylotic radiculopathy: a randomized trial. Clinical Rehabilitation. 2011;26(4):351-61. doi: 10.1177/0269215511419536.
43. Yoo W-g. Effect of the neck retraction taping (NRT) on forward head posture and the upper trapezius muscle during computer work. Journal of physical therapy science. 2013;25(5):581-2.
44. Ruivo R, Pezarat-Correia P, Carita A, Vaz J. Reliability and validity of angular measures through the software for postural assessment. Postural Assessment Software. Rehabilitación. 2013;47(4):223-8.
45. Cook G, Burton L, Torine J. Movement: Functional movement systems: Screening, assessment and corrective strategies. (No Title). 2010.
46. Westrick RB, Miller JM, Carow SD, Gerber JP. Exploration of the y-balance test for assessment of upper quarter closed kinetic chain performance. International journal of sports physical therapy. 2012;7(2):139.
47. Kucuk H, Karakas F. The effect of elbow joint proprioception sense on shooting hit in basketball. Journal of ROL Sport Sciences. 2023;4(3):1153-68.
48. Abdollahi I, Allahverdloo E. Reliability of Image Capture Technique for the Measurement of Upper Limb Active Joint Position Sense in Healthy Adults. Archives of Rehabilitation. 2021;22(2):246-59. doi: 10.32598/RJ.22.2.3224.1.
49. Stillman BC. An investigation of the clinical assessment of joint position sense. 2000.
50. Barendrecht M, Lezeman HC, Duysens J, Smits-Engelsman BC. Neuromuscular training improves knee kinematics, in particular in valgus aligned adolescent team handball players of both sexes. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2011;25(3):575-84.
51. Clifton DR, Harrison BC, Hertel J, Hart JM. Relationship between functional assessments and exercise-related changes during static balance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2013;27(4):966-72.
52. Guido Jr JA, Stemm J. Reactive neuromuscular training: a multi-level approach to rehabilitation of the unstable shoulder. North American journal of sports physical therapy: NAJSPT. 2007;2(2):97.
53. Ager AL, Borms D, Bernaert M, Brusselle V, Claessens M, Roy J-S, et al. Can a conservative rehabilitation strategy improve shoulder proprioception? A systematic review. Journal of sport rehabilitation. 2020;30(1):136-51. doi: 10.1123/jsr.2019-0400
54. Lee C-L, Chu I-H, Lyu B-J, Chang W-D, Chang N-J. Comparison of vibration rolling, nonvibration rolling, and static stretching as a warm-up exercise on flexibility, joint proprioception, muscle strength, and balance in young adults. Journal of sports sciences. 2018;36(22):2575-82.
55. Chow D, Leung K, Holmes A. Changes in spinal curvature and proprioception of schoolboys carrying different weights of backpack. Ergonomics. 2007;50(12):2148-56.
56. Kim Y, Lee J-M, Wellsandt E, Rosen AB. Comparison of shoulder range of motion, strength, and upper quarter dynamic balance between NCAA division I overhead athletes with and without a history of shoulder injury. Physical Therapy in Sport. 2020;42:53-60.
57. Escamilla RF, Yamashiro K, Paulos L, Andrews JR. Shoulder muscle activity and function in common shoulder rehabilitation exercises. Sports medicine. 2009;39:663-85.
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| Issue | Vol 10 No 3 (2024) | |
| Section | Research Articles | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jost.v10i3.16780 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Students Female Proprioception Shoulder Therapeutic Exercises | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Farhani-Sameni N, Sheikhhoseini R, Piri H, Soltani F. The Effect of Reactive Neuromuscular Training Versus General Warm-up on Proprioception and Balance in Female Handball Players with Rounded Shoulder. J Orthop Spine Trauma. 2024;10(3):105-110.
