Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Orthopedic and Spine Trauma 2538-2330 9 2 2023 08 03 100 2 Seyyed-Morteza Kazemi Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bone Joint and Related Tissues Research Center, Akhtar Orthopedic Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Sohrab Keyhani Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bone Joint and Related Tissues Research Center, Akhtar Orthopedic Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammadreza Sajjadi Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Teleghani Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ramin Etemadi Department of Orthopedic Surgery, 5th Azar Hospital, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran Seyyed-Mohsen Hosseininejad Bone Joint and Related Tissues Research Center, Akhtar Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Joint, Bone, Connective tissue Rheumatology Research Center (JBCRC), Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran Hoda Nouri Akhtar Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2022 05 27 2023 08 03 Background: Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) has been extensively used as bone cement in orthopedic procedures. Pulmonary cement embolisms (PCEs) are supposed to originate from cement extravasation into the basivertebral veins before draining into the inferior vena cava and eventually becoming lodged in the pulmonary capillaries. Few cases of bone cement embolism have been reported. This study reported a case of pulmonary embolism (PE) after thoracolumbar fixation and kyphoplasty and reviewed the current literature. Case Report: We presented an 81-year-old woman who had undergone thoracolumbar vertebroplasty three months before admission and became symptomatic due to PE after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Conclusion: This case illustrates that clinicians must be aware of the probable occurrence of respiratory distress syndrome in patients with a history of vertebroplasty. https://jost.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jost/article/view/398 https://jost.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jost/article/download/398/320