Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Orthopedic and Spine Trauma 2538-2330 6 1 2020 11 16 1 8 Fatemeh Baghaie Nia Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Fatemeh Khavari Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Masoumeh Firouzi Research Center for Neural Repair (RCNR), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Hossein Nabian Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shariati Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2020 07 07 2020 11 16 Nowadays, orthopedic-related pathologic conditions are considered as a growing concern. Also, the conventional treatments (grafting techniques) are not efficacious enough for the growing clinical needs. In the last decades, researches have been focused on finding more effective alternative treatments. Tissue engineering (TE) is a newly emerging field of science that has great potential to reduce these clinical issues. There are three main components in TE including cells, biomaterials, and signals. Choosing the best combination of these components is a vital decision in a TE process. In this review article, we are going to discuss TE and its components and also highlight some of the researches in the field of orthopedic TE by focusing on some tissues including bone, cartilage, skin, skeletal muscle, peripheral nervous system (PNS), tendon, and ligament. In the end, TE, as a new field of science, faces some major challenges that we will address some of them in this article. https://jost.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jost/article/view/200 https://jost.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jost/article/download/200/178