Educational Corner: Step by Step Approach to Anterior Cruciate Ligament Revision Reconstruction
-
Pouya Tabatabaei Irani
,
Mohammad Ayati Firoozabadi
,
Mehdi Bayati
,
Seyed Hossein Jahanbakhsh
,
Abdolsalam Razzaghi
,
Hesam Toofan
,
Seyed Mohammad Javad Mortazavi
Abstract
In anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) revision, orthopedic surgeons are faced with many obstacles in decision- making and finding the best approach. Here we discuss these challenges and review a staged approach for better understanding and practical implications in ACL revision.
1. Spindler KP. The Multicenter ACL Revision Study (MARS): a prospective longitudinal cohort to define outcomes and independent predictors of outcomes for revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Knee Surg. 2007;20(4): 303-7. doi: 10.1055/s-0030-1248065. [PubMed: 17993074].
2. Lind M, Menhert F, Pedersen AB. Incidence and outcome after revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: results from the Danish registry for knee ligament reconstructions.
Am J Sports Med. 2012;40(7):1551-7. doi: 10.1177/0363546512446000. [PubMed: 22562791].
3. Maletis GB, Granan LP, Inacio MC, Funahashi TT, Engebretsen L. Comparison of community-based ACL reconstruction registries in the U.S. and Norway. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2011;93 Suppl 3:31-6. doi: 10.2106/jbjs.K.00905. [PubMed: 22262420].
4. Frosch KH, Stengel D, Brodhun T, Stietencron I, Holsten D, Jung C, et al. Outcomes and risks of operative treatment of rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament in children and adolescents. Arthroscopy. 2010;26(11):1539-50. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2010.04.077. [PubMed: 21035009].
5. Tabatabaei Irani P, Ayati Firoozabadi M, Toofan H, Seyedtabaei SMM, Poursalehian M, Ghasemian M, et al. Simultaneous Tunnel Grafting and Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstructions Revision Using Double Suspensory Fixation: A Single-Stage Solution. Arthrosc Tech. 2024;13(1):102806. doi: 10.1016/j.eats.2023.08.011. [PubMed: 38312866]. [PubMed Central: PMC10837771].
6. van Eck CF, Schkrohowsky JG, Working ZM, Irrgang JJ, Fu FH. Prospective analysis of failure rate and predictors of failure after anatomic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with allograft. Am J Sports Med. 2012;40(4):800-7. doi: 10.1177/0363546511432545. [PubMed: 22238055].
7. Tapasvi S, Shekhar A. Revision ACL Reconstruction: Principles and Practice. Indian J Orthop. 2021;55(2):263-75. doi: 10.1007/s43465-020-00328-8. [PubMed: 33927805]. [PubMed Central: PMC8046893].
8. Noyes FR, Barber-Westin SD. Revision anterior cruciate surgery with use of bone-patellar tendon-bone autogenous grafts. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2001;83(8):1131-43. doi: 10.2106/00004623- 200108000-00001. [PubMed: 11507120].
9. Bernardino S. Revision on ACL reconstruction: Review. Clin Surg. 2019;4:2664.
10. Denti M, Lo Vetere D, Bait C, Schönhuber H, Melegati G, Volpi P. Revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: causes of failure, surgical technique, and clinical results. Am J Sports Med. 2008;36(10):1896-902. doi: 10.1177/0363546508318189. [PubMed: 18567717].
11. Jaecker V, Zapf T, Naendrup JH, Kanakamedala AC, Pfeiffer T, Shafizadeh S. Differences between traumatic and non- traumatic causes of ACL revision surgery. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2018;138(9):1265-72. doi: 10.1007/s00402-018-2954-5. [PubMed: 29779039].
12. Chen JL, Allen CR, Stephens TE, Haas AK, Huston LJ, Wright RW, et al. Differences in mechanisms of failure, intraoperative findings, and surgical characteristics between single-and multiple-revision ACL reconstructions: a MARS cohort study. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(7):1571-8. doi: 10.1177/0363546513487980. [PubMed: 23698386]. [PubMed Central: PMC3839418].
13. Illingworth KD, Hensler D, Working ZM, Macalena JA, Tashman S, Fu FH. A simple evaluation of anterior cruciate ligament femoral tunnel position: the inclination angle and femoral tunnel angle. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39(12):2611-8. doi: 10.1177/0363546511420128. [PubMed: 21908719].
14. Kosy JD, Mandalia VI. Plain radiographs can be used for routine assessment of ACL reconstruction tunnel position with three-dimensional imaging reserved for research and revision surgery. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2018;26(2):534-49. doi: 10.1007/s00167-017-4462-5. [PubMed: 28224200].
15. Fagelman M, Freedman KB. Revision reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament: evaluation and management. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 2005;34(7):319-28. [PubMed: 16130349].
16. Zantop T, Wellmann M, Fu FH, Petersen W. Tunnel positioning of anteromedial and posterolateral bundles in anatomic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: anatomic and radiographic findings. Am J Sports Med. 2008;36(1):65-72. doi: 10.1177/0363546507308361. [PubMed: 17932407].
17. Wright RW, Huston LJ, Spindler KP, Dunn WR, Haas AK, Allen CR, et al. Descriptive epidemiology of the Multicenter ACL Revision Study (MARS) cohort. Am J Sports Med. 2010;38(10):1979-86. doi: 10.1177/0363546510378645. [PubMed: 20889962]. [PubMed Central: PMC3655411].
18. Eckenrode BJ, Carey JL, Sennett BJ, Zgonis MH. Prevention and Management of Post-operative Complications Following ACL Reconstruction. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2017;10(3):315-21. doi: 10.1007/s12178-017-9427-2. [PubMed: 28710739]. [PubMed Central: PMC5577428].
19. Møller AM, Villebro N, Pedersen T, Tønnesen H. Effect of preoperative smoking intervention on postoperative complications:
A randomised clinical trial. Lancet. 2002;359(9301):114-7. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(02)07369-5. [PubMed: 11809253].
20. Wilde J, Bedi A, Altchek DW. Revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Sports Health. 2014;6(6):504-18. doi: 10.1177/1941738113500910. [PubMed: 25364483]. [PubMed Central: PMC4212350].
21. Diquattro E, Jahnke S, Traina F, Perdisa F, Becker R, Kopf S. ACL surgery: reasons for failure and management. EFORT Open Rev. 2023;8(5):319-30. doi: 10.1530/eor-23-0085. [PubMed: 37158438]. [PubMed Central: PMC10233814].
22. George MS, Dunn WR, Spindler KP. Current concepts review: revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med. 2006;34(12):2026-37. doi: 10.1177/0363546506295026. [PubMed: 17092921].
23. Kamath GV, Redfern JC, Greis PE, Burks RT. Revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39(1): 199-217. doi: 10.1177/0363546510370929. [PubMed: 20709943].
24. de Beus A, Koch JE, Hirschmann A, Hirschmann MT. How to evaluate bone tunnel widening after ACL reconstruction - a critical review. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J. 2017;7(2):230-9. doi: 10.11138/mltj/2017.7.2.230. [PubMed: 29264333]. [PubMed Central: PMC5725171].
25. Grassi A, Nitri M, Moulton SG, Marcheggiani Muccioli GM, Bondi A, Romagnoli M, et al. Does the type of graft affect the outcome of revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction? a meta-analysis of 32 studies. Bone Joint J. 2017;99-b(6):714-23. doi: 10.1302/0301-620x.99b6.Bjj-2016- 0929.R2. [PubMed: 28566389].
26. Richter DL, Werner BC, Miller MD. Surgical Pearls in Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Surgery: When Must I Stage? ClinSports Med. 2017;36(1):173-87. doi: 10.1016/j.csm.2016.08.008.
[PubMed: 27871657].
27. Bedi A, Allen A. Procedure 30: revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. In: Reider B, Terry M, Provencher M, editors. Operative Techniques: Sports Medicine Surgery. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2010. p. 487-514.
28. Erickson BJ, Cvetanovich G, Waliullah K, Khair M, Smith P, Bach B, Jr., et al. Two-Stage Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Orthopedics. 2016;39(3):e456-64. doi: 10.3928/01477447-20160324-01. [PubMed: 27045480].
29. Grassi A, Kim C, Marcheggiani Muccioli GM, Zaffagnini S, Amendola A. What Is the Mid-term Failure Rate of Revision ACL Reconstruction? A Systematic Review. Clin Orthop Relat Res.
2017;475(10):2484-99. doi: 10.1007/s11999-017-5379-5. [PubMed: 28493217]. [PubMed Central: PMC5599393].
30. Andriolo L, Filardo G, Kon E, Ricci M, Della Villa F, Della Villa S, et al. Revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: clinical outcome and evidence for return to sport. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015;23(10):2825-45. doi: 10.1007/s00167-015-3702-9. [PubMed: 26202138].
31. Lefevre N, Klouche S, Mirouse G, Herman S, Gerometta A, Bohu Y. Return to Sport After Primary and Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Prospective Comparative Study of 552 Patients From the FAST Cohort. Am J Sports Med. 2017;45(1):34-41. doi: 10.1177/0363546516660075. [PubMed: 27530413].
2. Lind M, Menhert F, Pedersen AB. Incidence and outcome after revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: results from the Danish registry for knee ligament reconstructions.
Am J Sports Med. 2012;40(7):1551-7. doi: 10.1177/0363546512446000. [PubMed: 22562791].
3. Maletis GB, Granan LP, Inacio MC, Funahashi TT, Engebretsen L. Comparison of community-based ACL reconstruction registries in the U.S. and Norway. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2011;93 Suppl 3:31-6. doi: 10.2106/jbjs.K.00905. [PubMed: 22262420].
4. Frosch KH, Stengel D, Brodhun T, Stietencron I, Holsten D, Jung C, et al. Outcomes and risks of operative treatment of rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament in children and adolescents. Arthroscopy. 2010;26(11):1539-50. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2010.04.077. [PubMed: 21035009].
5. Tabatabaei Irani P, Ayati Firoozabadi M, Toofan H, Seyedtabaei SMM, Poursalehian M, Ghasemian M, et al. Simultaneous Tunnel Grafting and Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstructions Revision Using Double Suspensory Fixation: A Single-Stage Solution. Arthrosc Tech. 2024;13(1):102806. doi: 10.1016/j.eats.2023.08.011. [PubMed: 38312866]. [PubMed Central: PMC10837771].
6. van Eck CF, Schkrohowsky JG, Working ZM, Irrgang JJ, Fu FH. Prospective analysis of failure rate and predictors of failure after anatomic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with allograft. Am J Sports Med. 2012;40(4):800-7. doi: 10.1177/0363546511432545. [PubMed: 22238055].
7. Tapasvi S, Shekhar A. Revision ACL Reconstruction: Principles and Practice. Indian J Orthop. 2021;55(2):263-75. doi: 10.1007/s43465-020-00328-8. [PubMed: 33927805]. [PubMed Central: PMC8046893].
8. Noyes FR, Barber-Westin SD. Revision anterior cruciate surgery with use of bone-patellar tendon-bone autogenous grafts. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2001;83(8):1131-43. doi: 10.2106/00004623- 200108000-00001. [PubMed: 11507120].
9. Bernardino S. Revision on ACL reconstruction: Review. Clin Surg. 2019;4:2664.
10. Denti M, Lo Vetere D, Bait C, Schönhuber H, Melegati G, Volpi P. Revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: causes of failure, surgical technique, and clinical results. Am J Sports Med. 2008;36(10):1896-902. doi: 10.1177/0363546508318189. [PubMed: 18567717].
11. Jaecker V, Zapf T, Naendrup JH, Kanakamedala AC, Pfeiffer T, Shafizadeh S. Differences between traumatic and non- traumatic causes of ACL revision surgery. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2018;138(9):1265-72. doi: 10.1007/s00402-018-2954-5. [PubMed: 29779039].
12. Chen JL, Allen CR, Stephens TE, Haas AK, Huston LJ, Wright RW, et al. Differences in mechanisms of failure, intraoperative findings, and surgical characteristics between single-and multiple-revision ACL reconstructions: a MARS cohort study. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(7):1571-8. doi: 10.1177/0363546513487980. [PubMed: 23698386]. [PubMed Central: PMC3839418].
13. Illingworth KD, Hensler D, Working ZM, Macalena JA, Tashman S, Fu FH. A simple evaluation of anterior cruciate ligament femoral tunnel position: the inclination angle and femoral tunnel angle. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39(12):2611-8. doi: 10.1177/0363546511420128. [PubMed: 21908719].
14. Kosy JD, Mandalia VI. Plain radiographs can be used for routine assessment of ACL reconstruction tunnel position with three-dimensional imaging reserved for research and revision surgery. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2018;26(2):534-49. doi: 10.1007/s00167-017-4462-5. [PubMed: 28224200].
15. Fagelman M, Freedman KB. Revision reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament: evaluation and management. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 2005;34(7):319-28. [PubMed: 16130349].
16. Zantop T, Wellmann M, Fu FH, Petersen W. Tunnel positioning of anteromedial and posterolateral bundles in anatomic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: anatomic and radiographic findings. Am J Sports Med. 2008;36(1):65-72. doi: 10.1177/0363546507308361. [PubMed: 17932407].
17. Wright RW, Huston LJ, Spindler KP, Dunn WR, Haas AK, Allen CR, et al. Descriptive epidemiology of the Multicenter ACL Revision Study (MARS) cohort. Am J Sports Med. 2010;38(10):1979-86. doi: 10.1177/0363546510378645. [PubMed: 20889962]. [PubMed Central: PMC3655411].
18. Eckenrode BJ, Carey JL, Sennett BJ, Zgonis MH. Prevention and Management of Post-operative Complications Following ACL Reconstruction. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2017;10(3):315-21. doi: 10.1007/s12178-017-9427-2. [PubMed: 28710739]. [PubMed Central: PMC5577428].
19. Møller AM, Villebro N, Pedersen T, Tønnesen H. Effect of preoperative smoking intervention on postoperative complications:
A randomised clinical trial. Lancet. 2002;359(9301):114-7. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(02)07369-5. [PubMed: 11809253].
20. Wilde J, Bedi A, Altchek DW. Revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Sports Health. 2014;6(6):504-18. doi: 10.1177/1941738113500910. [PubMed: 25364483]. [PubMed Central: PMC4212350].
21. Diquattro E, Jahnke S, Traina F, Perdisa F, Becker R, Kopf S. ACL surgery: reasons for failure and management. EFORT Open Rev. 2023;8(5):319-30. doi: 10.1530/eor-23-0085. [PubMed: 37158438]. [PubMed Central: PMC10233814].
22. George MS, Dunn WR, Spindler KP. Current concepts review: revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med. 2006;34(12):2026-37. doi: 10.1177/0363546506295026. [PubMed: 17092921].
23. Kamath GV, Redfern JC, Greis PE, Burks RT. Revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39(1): 199-217. doi: 10.1177/0363546510370929. [PubMed: 20709943].
24. de Beus A, Koch JE, Hirschmann A, Hirschmann MT. How to evaluate bone tunnel widening after ACL reconstruction - a critical review. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J. 2017;7(2):230-9. doi: 10.11138/mltj/2017.7.2.230. [PubMed: 29264333]. [PubMed Central: PMC5725171].
25. Grassi A, Nitri M, Moulton SG, Marcheggiani Muccioli GM, Bondi A, Romagnoli M, et al. Does the type of graft affect the outcome of revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction? a meta-analysis of 32 studies. Bone Joint J. 2017;99-b(6):714-23. doi: 10.1302/0301-620x.99b6.Bjj-2016- 0929.R2. [PubMed: 28566389].
26. Richter DL, Werner BC, Miller MD. Surgical Pearls in Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Surgery: When Must I Stage? ClinSports Med. 2017;36(1):173-87. doi: 10.1016/j.csm.2016.08.008.
[PubMed: 27871657].
27. Bedi A, Allen A. Procedure 30: revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. In: Reider B, Terry M, Provencher M, editors. Operative Techniques: Sports Medicine Surgery. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2010. p. 487-514.
28. Erickson BJ, Cvetanovich G, Waliullah K, Khair M, Smith P, Bach B, Jr., et al. Two-Stage Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Orthopedics. 2016;39(3):e456-64. doi: 10.3928/01477447-20160324-01. [PubMed: 27045480].
29. Grassi A, Kim C, Marcheggiani Muccioli GM, Zaffagnini S, Amendola A. What Is the Mid-term Failure Rate of Revision ACL Reconstruction? A Systematic Review. Clin Orthop Relat Res.
2017;475(10):2484-99. doi: 10.1007/s11999-017-5379-5. [PubMed: 28493217]. [PubMed Central: PMC5599393].
30. Andriolo L, Filardo G, Kon E, Ricci M, Della Villa F, Della Villa S, et al. Revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: clinical outcome and evidence for return to sport. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015;23(10):2825-45. doi: 10.1007/s00167-015-3702-9. [PubMed: 26202138].
31. Lefevre N, Klouche S, Mirouse G, Herman S, Gerometta A, Bohu Y. Return to Sport After Primary and Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Prospective Comparative Study of 552 Patients From the FAST Cohort. Am J Sports Med. 2017;45(1):34-41. doi: 10.1177/0363546516660075. [PubMed: 27530413].
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 11 No 3 (2025) | |
| Section | Educational Corner | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jost.v11i3.19403 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Anterior Cruciate Ligament Sports Orthopedic Surgeons | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Tabatabaei Irani P, Ayati Firoozabadi M, Bayati M, Jahanbakhsh SH, Razzaghi A, Toofan H, Mortazavi SMJ. Educational Corner: Step by Step Approach to Anterior Cruciate Ligament Revision Reconstruction. J Orthop Spine Trauma. 2025;11(3):116-23.
