Clinical Outcome of Partial Spondylectomy and Adjuvant Therapy of a Metastatic Leiomyosarcoma to the Thoracic Spine: A Case Report
,
Abstract
Background: Leiomyosarcoma (LMS) is a rare malignant tumor of smooth muscle origin, most commonly arising in the uterus. Spinal metastases from uterine LMS are extremely uncommon and represent diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Due to its relative resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy, surgical management remains the cornerstone of treatment.
Case Report: A 42-year-old woman, with a history of uterine myomectomy 12 years earlier, presented with progressive thoracic back pain. Imaging [computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)] revealed a destructive extradural lesion at T5-T6. CT-guided biopsy confirmed LMS. She underwent partial spondylectomy with spinal stabilization, followed by postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Serial follow-up with MRI, positron emission tomography (PET)-CT, and technetium-99m scintigraphy at 6, 12, and 24 months ‒and again at 7 years ‒showed no evidence of residual or recurrent tumor. She remained disease-free. Conclusion: This case demonstrates that combined surgical cytoreduction and adjuvant therapy can achieve long-term disease control in patients with rare spinal metastases of uterine LMS. Reporting such extended follow-up cases provides valuable insights into treatment strategies and prognosis.
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14. Botwin KP, Zak PJ. Lumbosacral radiculopathy secondary to metastatic uterine leiomyosarcoma: A case report. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2000;25(7):884-7. doi: 10.1097/00007632- 200004010-00019. [PubMed: 10751302].
15. Delisle M, Alshamsan B, Nagaratnam K, Smith D, Wang Y, Srikanthan A. Metastasectomy in Leiomyosarcoma: A Systematic Review and Pooled Survival Analysis. Cancers (Basel). 2022;14(13):3055. doi: 10.3390/cancers14133055. [PubMed: 35804827]. [PubMed Central: PMC9264936].
16. Anh Tran T, Holloway RW. Metastatic leiomyosarcoma of the uterus with heterologous differentiation to malignant mesenchymoma. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 2012;31(5):453-7. doi: 10.1097/PGP.0b013e318246977d. [PubMed: 22833086].
17. Shirzadi A, Drazin D, Shirzadi N, Westhout F, Drazin N, Fan X, et al. Metastatic Leiomyosarcoma to the Spine Complicated With Thrombocytopenia. World J Oncol. 2012;3(4):182-6. doi: 10.4021/wjon481w. [PubMed: 29147302]. [PubMed Central: PMC5649841].
18. Bush CH, Reith JD, Spanier SS. Mineralization in musculoskeletal leiomyosarcoma: radiologic-pathologic correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2003;180(1):109-13. doi: 10.2214/ajr.180.1.1800109. [PubMed: 12490488].
19. Tahara K, Yamashita K, Hiwatashi A, Togao O, Kikuchi K, Endo M, et al. MR Imaging Findings of a Leiomyosarcoma of the Thoracic Spine: A Case Report. Clin Neuroradiol. 2016;26(2):229-33. doi: 10.1007/s00062-015-0420-0. [PubMed: 26170221].
20. Ziewacz JE, Lau D, La Marca F, Park P. Outcomes after surgery for spinal metastatic leiomyosarcoma. J Neurosurg Spine. 2012;17(5):432-7. doi: 10.3171/2012.8.Spine12331. [PubMed: 22938551].
21. Ido K, Matsuoka H, Yoshida M, Urushidani H. Paraparesis due to spinal leiomyosarcoma lesion in the thoracic spine accompanied by two leiomyosarcoma lesions in the back and the thigh over an interval of 4 years. J Clin Neurosci. 2002;9(3):325-8. doi: 10.1054/jocn.2001.0989. [PubMed: 12093148].
22. Sucu HK, Bezircioğlu H, Rezanko T. Partial spondylectomy for primary leiomyosarcoma of C2 vertebra. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2011;36(21):E1422-6. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e31820a79c6. [PubMed: 21311408].
23. Contartese D, Bandiera S, Giavaresi G, Borsari V, Griffoni C, Gasbarrini A, et al. Postoperative Survival and Clinical Outcomes for Uterine Leiomyosarcoma Spinal Bone Metastasis: A Case Series and Systematic Literature Review. Diagnostics (Basel). 2022;13(1):15. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics13010015. [PubMed: 36611309]. [PubMed Central: PMC9818380].
24. Marshman LA, Pollock JR, King A, Chawda SJ. Primary extradural epithelioid leiomyosarcoma of the cervical spine: Case report and literature review. Neurosurgery. 2005;57(2):E372; discussion E. doi: 10.1227/01.neu.0000166695.89757.a4. [PubMed: 16094142].
25. Jundt G, Moll C, Nidecker A, Schilt R, Remagen W. Primary leiomyosarcoma of bone: Report of eight cases. Hum Pathol. 1994;25(11):1205-12. doi: 10.1016/0046-8177(94)90038-8. [PubMed: 7959666].
26. Sun H, Zhuang M, Cheng D, Zhu C, Liu Z, Qiu X. Primary leiomyosarcoma of cervical spine invading the vertebra without obvious osteoclasia: Case report and literature review. J Spinal Cord Med. 2022;45(4):643-7. doi: 10.1080/10790268.2019.1656848. [PubMed: 31539318]. [PubMed Central: PMC9246264].
27. Pluemvitayaporn T, Piyaskulkaew C, Kunakornsawat S, Pruttikul P. Primary leiomyosarcoma of the spine treated with total en bloc spondylectomy: the first case in Thailand-a case report and literature review. J Spine Surg. 2017;3(4):707-14. doi: 10.21037/jss.2017.10.04. [PubMed: 29354752]. [PubMed Central: PMC5760400].
28. Zhang J, Chen Y, Xing X, Wang Q, Liu K, Zhang E, et al. Primary leiomyosarcoma of the spine: an analysis of imaging manifestations and clinicopathological findings. Insights Imaging. 2022;13(1):195. doi: 10.1186/s13244-022-01336-y. [PubMed: 36520263]. [PubMed Central: PMC9755377].
29. Miura K, Hatori M, Hosaka M, Kokubun S, Watanabe M, Ehara S. Primary leiomyosarcoma with the invasion into the intertrabecular space of bone: A case report and the review of the literatures. Clin Imaging. 2001;25(3):209-14. doi: 10.1016/s0899-7071(01)00249-2. [PubMed: 11679231].
30. Yassaad OM, Nabil R, KacemiInas E, Mohammed A, Yasser A, Abdessamad EO. Primary multiple osseous leiomyosarcomas of the spine metastasizing to the skull. Pan Afr Med J. 2016;24:334. doi: 10.11604/pamj.2016.24.334.8297. [PubMed: 28154689]. [PubMed Central: PMC5267914].
31. Potsi M, Stavrinou P, Patsinakidis N, Hatzibougias D, Foroglou N, Karayanopoulou G, et al. Primary osseous leiomyosarcoma of the spine: a rare entity--case report and review of the literature. J Neurol Surg A Cent Eur Neurosurg. 2012;73(4):238- 42. doi: 10.1055/s-0032-1313588. [PubMed: 20665430].
32. Ahmad I, Goyal N, Bhatt CP, Chufal KS. Primary vertebral leiomyosarcoma masquerading as a nerve sheath tumour. BMJ Case Rep. 2017;2017:bcr2016217602. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2016- 217602. [PubMed: 28331017]. [PubMed Central: PMC5372298].
33. Agarwal N, Hansberry DR, Kavi A, Agarwal P, Baisre A, Goldstein IM. Prognostic Differences: Epstein-Barr Virus- Associated Primary Leiomyosarcoma of the Spine Versus Spinal Leiomyosarcoma Metastases. World Neurosurg. 2017;99:484-90. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2016.12.035. [PubMed: 28011357].
34. Van Cann T, Cornillie J, Wozniak A, Debiec-Rychter M, Sciot R, Hompes D, et al. Retrospective Analysis of Outcome of Patients with Metastatic Leiomyosarcoma in a Tertiary Referral Center. Oncol Res Treat. 2018;41(4):206-13. doi: 10.1159/000486419. [PubMed: 29562223].
35. Jayakody S, Young K, Young B, Ferch R. Serial spread of benign metastasizing leiomyoma to the thoracic spine. J Clin Neurosci. 2011;18(8):1135-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2011.01.004. [PubMed: 21658956].
36. Nanassis K, Alexiadou-Rudolf C, Tsitsopoulos P. Spinal manifestation of metastasizing leiomyosarcoma. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1999;24(10):987-9. doi: 10.1097/00007632-199905150- 00011. [PubMed: 10332790].
37. Gupta AA, Yao X, Verma S, Mackay H, Hopkins L. Systematic chemotherapy for inoperable, locally advanced, recurrent, or metastatic uterine leiomyosarcoma: A systematic review. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2013;25(6):346-55. doi: 10.1016/j.clon.2012.11.008. [PubMed: 23295078].
38. Lacuna K, Bose S, Ingham M, Schwartz G. Therapeutic advances in leiomyosarcoma. Front Oncol. 2023;13:1149106. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1149106. [PubMed: 36969049]. [PubMed Central: PMC10031121].
39. Takemori M, Nishimura R, Sugimura K, Mitta M. Thoracic vertebral bone metastasis from uterine leiomyosarcoma. Gynecol Oncol. 1993;51(2):244-7. doi: 10.1006/gyno.1993.1280. [PubMed: 8276301].
40. Drapeau-Zgoralski V, Doyon J, Berthiaume MJ, Mottard S. Uterine lipoleiomyosarcoma: Complete medullary compression as presentation of a solitary metastasis. Gynecol Oncol Rep. 2017;21:7-9. doi: 10.1016/j.gore.2017.04.006. [PubMed: 28560297]. [PubMed Central: PMC5440249].
2. DiSaia PJ, Creasman WT, Mannel RS, McMeekin DS, Mutch DG. Clinical gynecologic oncology. 9th ed. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier; 2017.
3. Yokogawa N, Kato S, Shimizu T, Kurokawa Y, Kobayashi M, Yamada Y, et al. Clinical Outcomes of Total En Bloc Spondylectomy for Previously Irradiated Spinal Metastases: A Retrospective Propensity Score-Matched Comparative Study. J Clin Med. 2023;12(14):4603. doi: 10.3390/jcm12144603. [PubMed: 37510719]. [PubMed Central: PMC10380676].
4. Meltzer CC, Fishman EK, Scott WW, Jr. Computed tomography appearance of bone metastases of leiomyosarcoma. Skeletal Radiol. 1992;21(7):445-7. doi: 10.1007/bf00190987. [PubMed: 1439895].
5. Yáñez ML, Miller JJ, Batchelor TT. Diagnosis and treatment of epidural metastases. Cancer. 2017;123(7):1106-14. doi: 10.1002/cncr.30521. [PubMed: 28026861].
6. Czerniak B. Dorfman and Czerniak's Bone Tumors. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier; 2015.
7. Ramirez-Villaescusa J, Canosa-Fernández A, Martin-Benlloch A, Ruiz-Picazo D, López-Torres Hidalgo J. Free disease long-term survival in primary thoracic spine leiomyosarcoma after total en bloc spondylectomy: A case report. Int J Surg Case Rep. 2017;39:332-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2017.08.045. [PubMed: 28898798]. [PubMed Central: PMC5597815].
8. Fornasier VL, Paley D. Leiomyosarcoma in bone: primary or secondary? A case report and review of the literature. Skeletal Radiol. 1983;10(3):147-53. doi: 10.1007/bf00357768. [PubMed: 6356366].
9. Elhammady MS, Manzano GR, Lebwohl N, Levi AD. Leiomyosarcoma metastases to the spine. Case series and review of the literature. J Neurosurg Spine. 2007;6(2):178-83. doi: 10.3171/spi.2007.6.2.178. [PubMed: 17330589].
10. Alessi E, Innocenti M, Sala F. Leiomyosarcoma metastatic to the back and scalp from a primary neoplasm in the uterus. Am J Dermatopathol. 1985;7(5):471-6. doi: 10.1097/00000372- 198510000-00012. [PubMed: 4091221].
11. Sun Z, Wang H, Yang H, Jiang W. Leiomyosarcoma metastatic to the cervical spine causing a C6 compression fracture: A case report. Oncol Lett. 2014;8(1):263-5. doi: 10.3892/ol.2014.2132. [PubMed: 24959258]. [PubMed Central: PMC4063593].
12. Ganau S, Tomás X, Mallofré C, Macho JM, Pomés J, Combalia A. Leiomyosarcoma of sacrum: imaging and histopathologic findings. Eur Radiol. 2002;12 Suppl 3:S35-9. doi: 10.1007/s00330-002-1433-z. [PubMed: 12522599].
13. Dohi O, Hatori M, Ohtani H, Watanabe M, Kokubun S. Leiomyosarcoma of the sacral bone in a patient with a past history of resection of uterine leiomyoma. Ups J Med Sci. 2003;108(3):213-20. doi: 10.3109/2000-1967-115. [PubMed: 15000459].
14. Botwin KP, Zak PJ. Lumbosacral radiculopathy secondary to metastatic uterine leiomyosarcoma: A case report. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2000;25(7):884-7. doi: 10.1097/00007632- 200004010-00019. [PubMed: 10751302].
15. Delisle M, Alshamsan B, Nagaratnam K, Smith D, Wang Y, Srikanthan A. Metastasectomy in Leiomyosarcoma: A Systematic Review and Pooled Survival Analysis. Cancers (Basel). 2022;14(13):3055. doi: 10.3390/cancers14133055. [PubMed: 35804827]. [PubMed Central: PMC9264936].
16. Anh Tran T, Holloway RW. Metastatic leiomyosarcoma of the uterus with heterologous differentiation to malignant mesenchymoma. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 2012;31(5):453-7. doi: 10.1097/PGP.0b013e318246977d. [PubMed: 22833086].
17. Shirzadi A, Drazin D, Shirzadi N, Westhout F, Drazin N, Fan X, et al. Metastatic Leiomyosarcoma to the Spine Complicated With Thrombocytopenia. World J Oncol. 2012;3(4):182-6. doi: 10.4021/wjon481w. [PubMed: 29147302]. [PubMed Central: PMC5649841].
18. Bush CH, Reith JD, Spanier SS. Mineralization in musculoskeletal leiomyosarcoma: radiologic-pathologic correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2003;180(1):109-13. doi: 10.2214/ajr.180.1.1800109. [PubMed: 12490488].
19. Tahara K, Yamashita K, Hiwatashi A, Togao O, Kikuchi K, Endo M, et al. MR Imaging Findings of a Leiomyosarcoma of the Thoracic Spine: A Case Report. Clin Neuroradiol. 2016;26(2):229-33. doi: 10.1007/s00062-015-0420-0. [PubMed: 26170221].
20. Ziewacz JE, Lau D, La Marca F, Park P. Outcomes after surgery for spinal metastatic leiomyosarcoma. J Neurosurg Spine. 2012;17(5):432-7. doi: 10.3171/2012.8.Spine12331. [PubMed: 22938551].
21. Ido K, Matsuoka H, Yoshida M, Urushidani H. Paraparesis due to spinal leiomyosarcoma lesion in the thoracic spine accompanied by two leiomyosarcoma lesions in the back and the thigh over an interval of 4 years. J Clin Neurosci. 2002;9(3):325-8. doi: 10.1054/jocn.2001.0989. [PubMed: 12093148].
22. Sucu HK, Bezircioğlu H, Rezanko T. Partial spondylectomy for primary leiomyosarcoma of C2 vertebra. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2011;36(21):E1422-6. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e31820a79c6. [PubMed: 21311408].
23. Contartese D, Bandiera S, Giavaresi G, Borsari V, Griffoni C, Gasbarrini A, et al. Postoperative Survival and Clinical Outcomes for Uterine Leiomyosarcoma Spinal Bone Metastasis: A Case Series and Systematic Literature Review. Diagnostics (Basel). 2022;13(1):15. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics13010015. [PubMed: 36611309]. [PubMed Central: PMC9818380].
24. Marshman LA, Pollock JR, King A, Chawda SJ. Primary extradural epithelioid leiomyosarcoma of the cervical spine: Case report and literature review. Neurosurgery. 2005;57(2):E372; discussion E. doi: 10.1227/01.neu.0000166695.89757.a4. [PubMed: 16094142].
25. Jundt G, Moll C, Nidecker A, Schilt R, Remagen W. Primary leiomyosarcoma of bone: Report of eight cases. Hum Pathol. 1994;25(11):1205-12. doi: 10.1016/0046-8177(94)90038-8. [PubMed: 7959666].
26. Sun H, Zhuang M, Cheng D, Zhu C, Liu Z, Qiu X. Primary leiomyosarcoma of cervical spine invading the vertebra without obvious osteoclasia: Case report and literature review. J Spinal Cord Med. 2022;45(4):643-7. doi: 10.1080/10790268.2019.1656848. [PubMed: 31539318]. [PubMed Central: PMC9246264].
27. Pluemvitayaporn T, Piyaskulkaew C, Kunakornsawat S, Pruttikul P. Primary leiomyosarcoma of the spine treated with total en bloc spondylectomy: the first case in Thailand-a case report and literature review. J Spine Surg. 2017;3(4):707-14. doi: 10.21037/jss.2017.10.04. [PubMed: 29354752]. [PubMed Central: PMC5760400].
28. Zhang J, Chen Y, Xing X, Wang Q, Liu K, Zhang E, et al. Primary leiomyosarcoma of the spine: an analysis of imaging manifestations and clinicopathological findings. Insights Imaging. 2022;13(1):195. doi: 10.1186/s13244-022-01336-y. [PubMed: 36520263]. [PubMed Central: PMC9755377].
29. Miura K, Hatori M, Hosaka M, Kokubun S, Watanabe M, Ehara S. Primary leiomyosarcoma with the invasion into the intertrabecular space of bone: A case report and the review of the literatures. Clin Imaging. 2001;25(3):209-14. doi: 10.1016/s0899-7071(01)00249-2. [PubMed: 11679231].
30. Yassaad OM, Nabil R, KacemiInas E, Mohammed A, Yasser A, Abdessamad EO. Primary multiple osseous leiomyosarcomas of the spine metastasizing to the skull. Pan Afr Med J. 2016;24:334. doi: 10.11604/pamj.2016.24.334.8297. [PubMed: 28154689]. [PubMed Central: PMC5267914].
31. Potsi M, Stavrinou P, Patsinakidis N, Hatzibougias D, Foroglou N, Karayanopoulou G, et al. Primary osseous leiomyosarcoma of the spine: a rare entity--case report and review of the literature. J Neurol Surg A Cent Eur Neurosurg. 2012;73(4):238- 42. doi: 10.1055/s-0032-1313588. [PubMed: 20665430].
32. Ahmad I, Goyal N, Bhatt CP, Chufal KS. Primary vertebral leiomyosarcoma masquerading as a nerve sheath tumour. BMJ Case Rep. 2017;2017:bcr2016217602. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2016- 217602. [PubMed: 28331017]. [PubMed Central: PMC5372298].
33. Agarwal N, Hansberry DR, Kavi A, Agarwal P, Baisre A, Goldstein IM. Prognostic Differences: Epstein-Barr Virus- Associated Primary Leiomyosarcoma of the Spine Versus Spinal Leiomyosarcoma Metastases. World Neurosurg. 2017;99:484-90. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2016.12.035. [PubMed: 28011357].
34. Van Cann T, Cornillie J, Wozniak A, Debiec-Rychter M, Sciot R, Hompes D, et al. Retrospective Analysis of Outcome of Patients with Metastatic Leiomyosarcoma in a Tertiary Referral Center. Oncol Res Treat. 2018;41(4):206-13. doi: 10.1159/000486419. [PubMed: 29562223].
35. Jayakody S, Young K, Young B, Ferch R. Serial spread of benign metastasizing leiomyoma to the thoracic spine. J Clin Neurosci. 2011;18(8):1135-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2011.01.004. [PubMed: 21658956].
36. Nanassis K, Alexiadou-Rudolf C, Tsitsopoulos P. Spinal manifestation of metastasizing leiomyosarcoma. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1999;24(10):987-9. doi: 10.1097/00007632-199905150- 00011. [PubMed: 10332790].
37. Gupta AA, Yao X, Verma S, Mackay H, Hopkins L. Systematic chemotherapy for inoperable, locally advanced, recurrent, or metastatic uterine leiomyosarcoma: A systematic review. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2013;25(6):346-55. doi: 10.1016/j.clon.2012.11.008. [PubMed: 23295078].
38. Lacuna K, Bose S, Ingham M, Schwartz G. Therapeutic advances in leiomyosarcoma. Front Oncol. 2023;13:1149106. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1149106. [PubMed: 36969049]. [PubMed Central: PMC10031121].
39. Takemori M, Nishimura R, Sugimura K, Mitta M. Thoracic vertebral bone metastasis from uterine leiomyosarcoma. Gynecol Oncol. 1993;51(2):244-7. doi: 10.1006/gyno.1993.1280. [PubMed: 8276301].
40. Drapeau-Zgoralski V, Doyon J, Berthiaume MJ, Mottard S. Uterine lipoleiomyosarcoma: Complete medullary compression as presentation of a solitary metastasis. Gynecol Oncol Rep. 2017;21:7-9. doi: 10.1016/j.gore.2017.04.006. [PubMed: 28560297]. [PubMed Central: PMC5440249].
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 11 No 3 (2025) | |
| Section | Case Report | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jost.v11i3.19412 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Leiomyosarcoma Spinal Neoplasms Cytoreduction Surgical Procedures Adjuvant Therapy Neoplasm Metastasis Thoracic Spine | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Shabani S, Malekzadeh M, Mirzashahi B. Clinical Outcome of Partial Spondylectomy and Adjuvant Therapy of a Metastatic Leiomyosarcoma to the Thoracic Spine: A Case Report. J Orthop Spine Trauma. 2025;11(3):141-4.
