Medial Collateral Ligament rupture pattern in Simultaneous rupture of the medial collateral ligament and anterior cruciate ligament assessed by Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Abstract
Background: Determining the exact details of complex traumatic injuries such as knee ligament rupture will be a crucial point in planning the surgical approach, which is determined through accurate imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We aimed to evaluate the pattern of MCL rupture in patients who presented with simultaneous rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and medial collateral ligament (MCL).
Methods: We evaluated knee MRI in 44 patients (25 females and 19 males; mean age 38.6±5.4 years, range 21 to 64 years) who suffered from clinically acute simultaneous ACL and MCL injuries. Meniscus status, MCL rupture patterns, and pivot bone bruise were analysed.
Results: Concerning ACL rupture, 38.6% had a partial ACL rupture, and 61.4% had a complete rupture. The meniscus ruptured in 61.4%. The most common site of the meniscus rupture was related to the medial posterior horn (37.0%). The vertical type rupture was the most common (37%), followed by horizontal rupture (29.6%). MCL rupture was present in all patients with grade 2 of rupture revealed in 52.3%. Regarding the location of MCL ligament rupture, the highest ratio found in the femoral site (65.9%). Semimembranosus rupture was observed at 2.3%. Pivot Bone Bruise was positive in 34.1%. Medial patellofemoral ligament rupture was also revealed in 68.2%. There was a significant relationship between the grade of rupture in the MCL ligament and the presence of Pivot bone bruise (p < 0.001).
Conclusions: Femoral detachment of MCL and posterior horn of medial meniscus are the most common site of MCL injury and meniscus rupture in context of ACL rupture. Besides, our results show a relevant influence of the extent of bone bruise on the grade of MCL rupture.
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3. Hughes JD, Rauer T, Gibbs CM, Musahl V. Diagnosis and treatment of rotatory knee instability. Journal of Experimental Orthopaedics. 2019;6(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/S40634-019-0217-1.
4. Forkel P, von Deimling C, Lacheta L, Imhoff FB, Foehr P, Willinger L, et al. Repair of the lateral posterior meniscal root improves stability in an ACL-deficient knee. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 2018;26(8): 2302–2309. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00167-018-4949-8.
5. Hoshino Y, Miyaji N, Nishida K, Nishizawa Y, Araki D, Kanzaki N, et al. The concomitant lateral meniscus injury increased the pivot shift in the anterior cruciate ligament-injured knee. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 2019;27(2): 646–651. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00167-018-5209-7.
6. Musahl V, Rahnemai-Azar AA, Costello J, Arner JW, Fu FH, Hoshino Y, et al. The Influence of Meniscal and Anterolateral Capsular Injury on Knee Laxity in Patients with Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2016;44(12): 3126–3131. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546516659649.
7. Kittl C, El-Daou H, Athwal KK, Gupte CM, Weiler A, Williams A, et al. The Role of the Anterolateral Structures and the ACL in Controlling Laxity of the Intact and ACL-Deficient Knee. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2016;44(2): 345–354. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546515614312.
8. Zhang H, Sun Y, Han X, Wang Y, Wang L, Alquhali A, et al. Simultaneous reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament and medial collateral ligament in patients with chronic ACL-MCL lesions: A minimum 2-year follow-up study. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2014;42(7): 1675–1681. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546514531394.
9. Willinger L, Balendra G, Pai V, Lee J, Mitchell A, Jones M, et al. High incidence of superficial and deep medial collateral ligament injuries in ‘isolated’ anterior cruciate ligament ruptures: a long overlooked injury. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 2022;30(1): 167–175. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00167-021-06514-X.
10. Svantesson E, Hamrin Senorski E, Alentorn-Geli E, Westin O, Sundemo D, Grassi A, et al. Increased risk of ACL revision with non-surgical treatment of a concomitant medial collateral ligament injury: a study on 19,457 patients from the Swedish National Knee Ligament Registry. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 2019;27(8): 2450–2459. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00167-018-5237-3.
11. Alm L, Krause M, Frosch KH, Akoto R. Preoperative medial knee instability is an underestimated risk factor for failure of revision ACL reconstruction. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 2020;28(8): 2458–2467. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00167-020-06133-Y.
12. Ball S, Stephen JM, El-Daou H, Williams A, Amis AA. The medial ligaments and the ACL restrain anteromedial laxity of the knee. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 2020;28(12): 3700–3708. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00167-020-06084-4.
13. Cavaignac E, Carpentier K, Pailhé R, Luyckx T, Bellemans J. The role of the deep medial collateral ligament in controlling rotational stability of the knee. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 2015;23(10): 3101–3107. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00167-014-3095-1.
14. Wierer G, Milinkovic D, Robinson JR, Raschke MJ, Weiler A, Fink C, et al. The superficial medial collateral ligament is the major restraint to anteromedial instability of the knee. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 2021;29(2): 405–416. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00167-020-05947-0.
15. Willinger L, Shinohara S, Athwal KK, Ball S, Williams A, Amis AA. Length change patterns of the medial collateral ligament and posterior oblique ligament in relation to their function and surgery. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 2020;28(12): 3720–3732. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-020-06050-0.
16. Bisson LJ, Kluczynski MA, Hagstrom LS, Marzo JM. A prospective study of the association between bone contusion and intra-articular injuries associated with acute anterior cruciate ligament tear. journals.sagepub.com. 2013;41(8): 1801–1807. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546513490649.
17. Johnson DL, Urban WP, Caborn DNM, Vanarthos WJ, Carlson CS. Articular cartilage changes seen with magnetic resonance imaging- detected bone bruises associated with acute anterior cruciate ligament rupture. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1998;26(3): 409–414. https://doi.org/10.1177/03635465980260031101.
18. Wittstein J, Vinson E, of WGTA journal, 2014 undefined. Comparison between sexes of bone contusions and meniscal tear patterns in noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries. journals.sagepub.com. 2014;42(6): 1401–1407. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546514527415.
19. Esdaille CJ, Marrero D, Laurencin CT. Selective Unique Signs of Meniscus Tears as Visualized by Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Clinical journal of sport medicine : official journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine. 2022;32(6): 648–654. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000000960.
20. Campos JC, Chung CB, Lektrakul N, Pedowitz R, Trudell D, Yu J, et al. Pathogenesis of the Segond fracture: Anatomic and MR imaging evidence of an iliotibial tract or anterior oblique band avulsion. Radiology. 2001;219(2): 381–386. https://doi.org/10.1148/RADIOLOGY.219.2.R01MA23381.
21. Claes S, Sint AZ, Herentals E, Bartholomeeusen S, Bellemans J, Limburg ZO. High prevalence of anterolateral ligament abnormalities in magnetic resonance images of anterior cruciate ligament-injured knees. researchgate.net. 2014; https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Steven-Claes-3/publication/262776758_High_prevalence_of_anterolateral_ligament_abnormalities_in_magnetic_resonance_images_of_anterior_cruciate_ligament-injured_knees/links/53f64cd40cf22be01c4195a7/High-prevalence-of-anterolateral-ligament-abnormalities-in-magnetic-resonance-images-of-anterior-cruciate-ligament-injured-knees.pdf
22. Flores D v., Smitaman E, Huang BK, Resnick DL. Segond fracture: an MR evaluation of 146 patients with emphasis on the avulsed bone fragment and what attaches to it. Skeletal Radiology. 2016;45(12): 1635–1647. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00256-016-2479-3.
23. Helito C, Helito P, Costa H, … MD… : TJ of, 2017 undefined. Assessment of the anterolateral ligament of the knee by magnetic resonance imaging in acute injuries of the anterior cruciate ligament. Elsevier. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0749806316302420?casa_token=sVOaGSq9BBcAAAAA:nHfOBxIWgU7imhtccDphHod42W2GenaG_CgMRqSskAKyxCOCuvgau_20GISiovc6yinaM0HaQg
24. Rasenberg EIJ, Lemmens JAM, van Kampen A, Schoots F, Bloo HJKC, Wagemakers HPA, et al. Grading medial collateral ligament injury: comparison of MR imaging and instrumented valgus-varus laxity test-device. A prospective double-blind patient study. European Journal of Radiology. 1995;21(1): 18–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/0720-048X(95)00660-I.
25. Hayes CW, Brigido MK, Jamadar DA, Propeck T. Mechanism-based pattern approach to classification of complex injuries of the knee depicted at MR imaging. Radiographics. 2000;20(SPEC.ISS.). https://doi.org/10.1148/RADIOGRAPHICS.20.SUPPL_1.G00OC21S121.
26. Hayes CW, Coggins CA. Sports-Related Injuries of the Knee: An Approach to MRI Interpretation. Clinics in Sports Medicine. 2006;25(4): 659–679. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CSM.2006.06.008.
27. Sanders TG, Medynski MA, Feller JF, Lawhorn KW. Bone contusion patterns of the knee at MR imaging: Footprint of the mechanism of injury. Radiographics. 2000;20(SPEC.ISS.). https://doi.org/10.1148/RADIOGRAPHICS.20.SUPPL_1.G00OC19S135.
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29. Bollier M, surgery PSTJ of knee, 2014 undefined. Anterior cruciate ligament and medial collateral ligament injuries. iro.uiowa.edu. https://iro.uiowa.edu/esploro/outputs/journalArticle/Anterior-cruciate-ligament-and-medial-collateral/9984040444202771
30. Aravindh P, Wu T, Chan C, … KWOJ of, 2018 undefined. Association of Compartmental Bone Bruise Distribution With Concomitant Intra-articular and Extra-articular Injuries in Acute Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5954320/
31. Viskontas DG, Giuffre BM, Duggal N, Graham D, Parker D, Coolican M. Bone bruises associated with ACL rupture: Correlation with injury mechanism. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2008;36(5): 927–933. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546508314791.
32. Song G yang, Zhang H, Wang Q qian, Zhang J, Li Y, Feng H. Bone Contusions After Acute Noncontact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Are Associated With Knee Joint Laxity, Concomitant Meniscal Lesions, and Anterolateral Ligament Abnormality. Arthroscopy - Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery. 2016;32(11): 2331–2341. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ARTHRO.2016.03.015.
33. Yoon KH, Yoo JH, Kim K il. Bone contusion and associated meniscal and medial collateral ligament injury in patients with anterior cruciate ligament rupture. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 2011;93(16): 1510–1518. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.J.01320.
34. Grood ES, Noyes FR, Butler DL, Suntay WJ. Ligamentous and capsular restraints preventing straight medial and lateral laxity in intact human cadaver knees. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery - Series A. 1981;63(8): 1257–1269. https://doi.org/10.2106/00004623-198163080-00007.
35. Wijdicks CA, Ewart DT, Nuckley DJ, Johansen S, Engebretsen L, Laprade RF. Structural properties of the primary medial knee ligaments. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2010;38(8): 1638–1646. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546510363465.
36. Stephen JM, Halewood C, Kittl C, Bollen SR, Williams A, Amis AA. Posteromedial Meniscocapsular Lesions Increase Tibiofemoral Joint Laxity with Anterior Cruciate Ligament Deficiency, and Their Repair Reduces Laxity. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2016;44(2): 400–408. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546515617454.
37. Cipolla M, Scala A, Gianni E, Puddu G. Different patterns of meniscal tears in acute anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) ruptures and in chronic ACL-deficient knees - Classification, staging and timing of treatment. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 1995;3(3): 130–134. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01565470.
38. Paletta GA, Levine DS, O’Brien SJ, Wickiewicz TL, Warren RF, Johnson R. Patterns of meniscal injury associated with acute anterior cruciate ligament injury in skiers. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1992;20(5): 542–547. https://doi.org/10.1177/036354659202000510.
39. Tandogan R, Taşer Ö, Kayaalp A, surgery ETK, sports undefined, 2004 undefined. Analysis of meniscal and chondral lesions accompanying anterior cruciate ligament tears: relationship with age, time from injury, and level of sport. Springer. 2016;12(4): 262–270. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-003-0398-z.
40. Yoo JC, Ahn JH, Lee SH, Yoon YC. Increasing incidence of medial meniscal tears in nonoperatively treated anterior cruciate ligament insufficiency patients documented by serial magnetic resonance imaging studies. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2009;37(8): 1478–1483. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546509332432.
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2. Sirisena D, Papi E, Tillett E. Clinical assessment of antero-medial rotational knee laxity: a systematic review. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 2017;25(4): 1068–1077. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00167-016-4362-0.
3. Hughes JD, Rauer T, Gibbs CM, Musahl V. Diagnosis and treatment of rotatory knee instability. Journal of Experimental Orthopaedics. 2019;6(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/S40634-019-0217-1.
4. Forkel P, von Deimling C, Lacheta L, Imhoff FB, Foehr P, Willinger L, et al. Repair of the lateral posterior meniscal root improves stability in an ACL-deficient knee. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 2018;26(8): 2302–2309. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00167-018-4949-8.
5. Hoshino Y, Miyaji N, Nishida K, Nishizawa Y, Araki D, Kanzaki N, et al. The concomitant lateral meniscus injury increased the pivot shift in the anterior cruciate ligament-injured knee. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 2019;27(2): 646–651. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00167-018-5209-7.
6. Musahl V, Rahnemai-Azar AA, Costello J, Arner JW, Fu FH, Hoshino Y, et al. The Influence of Meniscal and Anterolateral Capsular Injury on Knee Laxity in Patients with Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2016;44(12): 3126–3131. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546516659649.
7. Kittl C, El-Daou H, Athwal KK, Gupte CM, Weiler A, Williams A, et al. The Role of the Anterolateral Structures and the ACL in Controlling Laxity of the Intact and ACL-Deficient Knee. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2016;44(2): 345–354. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546515614312.
8. Zhang H, Sun Y, Han X, Wang Y, Wang L, Alquhali A, et al. Simultaneous reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament and medial collateral ligament in patients with chronic ACL-MCL lesions: A minimum 2-year follow-up study. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2014;42(7): 1675–1681. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546514531394.
9. Willinger L, Balendra G, Pai V, Lee J, Mitchell A, Jones M, et al. High incidence of superficial and deep medial collateral ligament injuries in ‘isolated’ anterior cruciate ligament ruptures: a long overlooked injury. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 2022;30(1): 167–175. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00167-021-06514-X.
10. Svantesson E, Hamrin Senorski E, Alentorn-Geli E, Westin O, Sundemo D, Grassi A, et al. Increased risk of ACL revision with non-surgical treatment of a concomitant medial collateral ligament injury: a study on 19,457 patients from the Swedish National Knee Ligament Registry. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 2019;27(8): 2450–2459. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00167-018-5237-3.
11. Alm L, Krause M, Frosch KH, Akoto R. Preoperative medial knee instability is an underestimated risk factor for failure of revision ACL reconstruction. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 2020;28(8): 2458–2467. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00167-020-06133-Y.
12. Ball S, Stephen JM, El-Daou H, Williams A, Amis AA. The medial ligaments and the ACL restrain anteromedial laxity of the knee. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 2020;28(12): 3700–3708. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00167-020-06084-4.
13. Cavaignac E, Carpentier K, Pailhé R, Luyckx T, Bellemans J. The role of the deep medial collateral ligament in controlling rotational stability of the knee. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 2015;23(10): 3101–3107. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00167-014-3095-1.
14. Wierer G, Milinkovic D, Robinson JR, Raschke MJ, Weiler A, Fink C, et al. The superficial medial collateral ligament is the major restraint to anteromedial instability of the knee. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 2021;29(2): 405–416. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00167-020-05947-0.
15. Willinger L, Shinohara S, Athwal KK, Ball S, Williams A, Amis AA. Length change patterns of the medial collateral ligament and posterior oblique ligament in relation to their function and surgery. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 2020;28(12): 3720–3732. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-020-06050-0.
16. Bisson LJ, Kluczynski MA, Hagstrom LS, Marzo JM. A prospective study of the association between bone contusion and intra-articular injuries associated with acute anterior cruciate ligament tear. journals.sagepub.com. 2013;41(8): 1801–1807. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546513490649.
17. Johnson DL, Urban WP, Caborn DNM, Vanarthos WJ, Carlson CS. Articular cartilage changes seen with magnetic resonance imaging- detected bone bruises associated with acute anterior cruciate ligament rupture. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1998;26(3): 409–414. https://doi.org/10.1177/03635465980260031101.
18. Wittstein J, Vinson E, of WGTA journal, 2014 undefined. Comparison between sexes of bone contusions and meniscal tear patterns in noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries. journals.sagepub.com. 2014;42(6): 1401–1407. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546514527415.
19. Esdaille CJ, Marrero D, Laurencin CT. Selective Unique Signs of Meniscus Tears as Visualized by Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Clinical journal of sport medicine : official journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine. 2022;32(6): 648–654. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000000960.
20. Campos JC, Chung CB, Lektrakul N, Pedowitz R, Trudell D, Yu J, et al. Pathogenesis of the Segond fracture: Anatomic and MR imaging evidence of an iliotibial tract or anterior oblique band avulsion. Radiology. 2001;219(2): 381–386. https://doi.org/10.1148/RADIOLOGY.219.2.R01MA23381.
21. Claes S, Sint AZ, Herentals E, Bartholomeeusen S, Bellemans J, Limburg ZO. High prevalence of anterolateral ligament abnormalities in magnetic resonance images of anterior cruciate ligament-injured knees. researchgate.net. 2014; https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Steven-Claes-3/publication/262776758_High_prevalence_of_anterolateral_ligament_abnormalities_in_magnetic_resonance_images_of_anterior_cruciate_ligament-injured_knees/links/53f64cd40cf22be01c4195a7/High-prevalence-of-anterolateral-ligament-abnormalities-in-magnetic-resonance-images-of-anterior-cruciate-ligament-injured-knees.pdf
22. Flores D v., Smitaman E, Huang BK, Resnick DL. Segond fracture: an MR evaluation of 146 patients with emphasis on the avulsed bone fragment and what attaches to it. Skeletal Radiology. 2016;45(12): 1635–1647. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00256-016-2479-3.
23. Helito C, Helito P, Costa H, … MD… : TJ of, 2017 undefined. Assessment of the anterolateral ligament of the knee by magnetic resonance imaging in acute injuries of the anterior cruciate ligament. Elsevier. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0749806316302420?casa_token=sVOaGSq9BBcAAAAA:nHfOBxIWgU7imhtccDphHod42W2GenaG_CgMRqSskAKyxCOCuvgau_20GISiovc6yinaM0HaQg
24. Rasenberg EIJ, Lemmens JAM, van Kampen A, Schoots F, Bloo HJKC, Wagemakers HPA, et al. Grading medial collateral ligament injury: comparison of MR imaging and instrumented valgus-varus laxity test-device. A prospective double-blind patient study. European Journal of Radiology. 1995;21(1): 18–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/0720-048X(95)00660-I.
25. Hayes CW, Brigido MK, Jamadar DA, Propeck T. Mechanism-based pattern approach to classification of complex injuries of the knee depicted at MR imaging. Radiographics. 2000;20(SPEC.ISS.). https://doi.org/10.1148/RADIOGRAPHICS.20.SUPPL_1.G00OC21S121.
26. Hayes CW, Coggins CA. Sports-Related Injuries of the Knee: An Approach to MRI Interpretation. Clinics in Sports Medicine. 2006;25(4): 659–679. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CSM.2006.06.008.
27. Sanders TG, Medynski MA, Feller JF, Lawhorn KW. Bone contusion patterns of the knee at MR imaging: Footprint of the mechanism of injury. Radiographics. 2000;20(SPEC.ISS.). https://doi.org/10.1148/RADIOGRAPHICS.20.SUPPL_1.G00OC19S135.
28. Kaplan PA, Gehl RH, Dussault RG, Anderson MW, Diduch DR. Bone contusions of the posterior lip of the medial tibial plateau (contrecoup injury) and associated internal derangements of the knee at mr imaging. Radiology. 1999;211(3): 747–753. https://doi.org/10.1148/RADIOLOGY.211.3.R99JN30747.
29. Bollier M, surgery PSTJ of knee, 2014 undefined. Anterior cruciate ligament and medial collateral ligament injuries. iro.uiowa.edu. https://iro.uiowa.edu/esploro/outputs/journalArticle/Anterior-cruciate-ligament-and-medial-collateral/9984040444202771
30. Aravindh P, Wu T, Chan C, … KWOJ of, 2018 undefined. Association of Compartmental Bone Bruise Distribution With Concomitant Intra-articular and Extra-articular Injuries in Acute Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5954320/
31. Viskontas DG, Giuffre BM, Duggal N, Graham D, Parker D, Coolican M. Bone bruises associated with ACL rupture: Correlation with injury mechanism. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2008;36(5): 927–933. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546508314791.
32. Song G yang, Zhang H, Wang Q qian, Zhang J, Li Y, Feng H. Bone Contusions After Acute Noncontact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Are Associated With Knee Joint Laxity, Concomitant Meniscal Lesions, and Anterolateral Ligament Abnormality. Arthroscopy - Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery. 2016;32(11): 2331–2341. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ARTHRO.2016.03.015.
33. Yoon KH, Yoo JH, Kim K il. Bone contusion and associated meniscal and medial collateral ligament injury in patients with anterior cruciate ligament rupture. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 2011;93(16): 1510–1518. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.J.01320.
34. Grood ES, Noyes FR, Butler DL, Suntay WJ. Ligamentous and capsular restraints preventing straight medial and lateral laxity in intact human cadaver knees. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery - Series A. 1981;63(8): 1257–1269. https://doi.org/10.2106/00004623-198163080-00007.
35. Wijdicks CA, Ewart DT, Nuckley DJ, Johansen S, Engebretsen L, Laprade RF. Structural properties of the primary medial knee ligaments. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2010;38(8): 1638–1646. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546510363465.
36. Stephen JM, Halewood C, Kittl C, Bollen SR, Williams A, Amis AA. Posteromedial Meniscocapsular Lesions Increase Tibiofemoral Joint Laxity with Anterior Cruciate Ligament Deficiency, and Their Repair Reduces Laxity. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2016;44(2): 400–408. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546515617454.
37. Cipolla M, Scala A, Gianni E, Puddu G. Different patterns of meniscal tears in acute anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) ruptures and in chronic ACL-deficient knees - Classification, staging and timing of treatment. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 1995;3(3): 130–134. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01565470.
38. Paletta GA, Levine DS, O’Brien SJ, Wickiewicz TL, Warren RF, Johnson R. Patterns of meniscal injury associated with acute anterior cruciate ligament injury in skiers. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1992;20(5): 542–547. https://doi.org/10.1177/036354659202000510.
39. Tandogan R, Taşer Ö, Kayaalp A, surgery ETK, sports undefined, 2004 undefined. Analysis of meniscal and chondral lesions accompanying anterior cruciate ligament tears: relationship with age, time from injury, and level of sport. Springer. 2016;12(4): 262–270. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-003-0398-z.
40. Yoo JC, Ahn JH, Lee SH, Yoon YC. Increasing incidence of medial meniscal tears in nonoperatively treated anterior cruciate ligament insufficiency patients documented by serial magnetic resonance imaging studies. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2009;37(8): 1478–1483. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546509332432.
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| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 9 No 4 (2023) | |
| Section | Research Articles | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jost.v9i4.13932 | |
| Keywords | ||
| anterior cruciate ligament bone bruise medial collateral ligament magnetic resonance imaging posterior horn of medial meniscus | ||
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Sajjadi M, Dehghan P, Ehsani A. Medial Collateral Ligament rupture pattern in Simultaneous rupture of the medial collateral ligament and anterior cruciate ligament assessed by Magnetic Resonance Imaging. J Orthop Spine Trauma. 2023;9(4):171-4.
