Definition and Classifications of Kienbock Disease in the Past 100 Years: A Review of the Evidence
-
Mazaher Ebrahimian
,
Mir Mansour Moazen Jamshidi
,
Behzad Enayati
,
Amir Reza Mafi
,
Amir Hosein Mafi
,
Alireza Moharrami
Abstract
Kienbock disease (KD) was described by Robert Kienbock in 1910 as osteomalacia of the lunate. A century has passed since the first description of KD, and numerous theories, classifications, and treatments have been published for achieving the best outcomes for this disease, but the treatments remain controversial among surgeons. Various classifications have been proposed for KD based on radiography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), arthroscopy, and morphology from 1947 to 2017. Recently, the pioneers of KD (Lichtman and Bain) proposed a new classification based on all the previous classifications (radiography, MRI, and arthroscopy). This classification seems to be the best evaluation and treatment method for KD. We recommend using this new classification for the assessment of KD.
1. Kienböck R. Concerning traumatic malacia of the lunate and its consequences: joint degeneration and compression. Fortsch Geb Roentgen. 1910;16:77-103. [In German].
2. Müller W. About the softening and compaction of the lunate bone, a typical disease of the wrist. Bruns' Beitr Klin Chir. 1920;119:664-82. [In German].Bain GI, MacLean SB, Yeo CJ, Perilli E, Lichtman DM. The etiology and pathogenesis of Kienbock disease. J Wrist Surg. 2016;5(4):248-54. doi: 10.1055/s-0036-1583755. [PubMed: 27777813]. [PubMed Central: PMC5074830].
4. Ringsted AX, Mb D. Kienböck with 2 brothers. Acta Chir Scand. 1932;69:185-96. [In German].
5. Stahl F. On lunomalacia (Kienbock's Disease): A clinical and roentgenological study, especially on its pathogenesis and the late results of immobilization treatment. Acta Chir Scand [Suppl]. 1947;126:3-133.
6. Lichtman DM, Mack GR, MacDonald RI, Gunther SF, Wilson JN. Kienbock's disease: The role of silicone replacement arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1977;59(7):899-908. [PubMed: 908720].
7. Bain GI, Begg M. Arthroscopic assessment and classification of Kienbock's disease. Tech Hand Up Extrem Surg. 2006;10(1):8-13. doi: 10.1097/00130911-200603000-00003. [PubMed: 16628114].
8. Bain GI, Lichtman D. Algorithmic treatment of Kienbock disease; beyond staging. Tech Hand Up Extrem Surg. 2011;15(1):32. doi: 10.1097/BTH.0b013e318209fef6. [PubMed: 21358522].
9. Schmitt R, Heinze A, Fellner F, Obletter N, Struhn R, Bautz W. Imaging and staging of avascular osteonecroses at the wrist and hand. Eur J Radiol. 1997;25(2):92-103. doi: 10.1016/s0720- 048x(97)00065-x. [PubMed: 9283837].
10. Lichtman DM, Pientka WF, Bain GI. Kienbock Disease: A New Algorithm for the 21st Century. J Wrist Surg. 2017;6(1):2-10. doi: 10.1055/s-0036-1593734. [PubMed: 28119790]. [PubMed Central: PMC5258126].
11. Danoff JR, Cuellar DO, O J, Strauch RJ. The Management of Kienbock Disease: A Survey of the ASSH Membership. J Wrist Surg. 2015;4(1):43-8. doi: 10.1055/s-0035-1544225. [PubMed: 25709878]. [PubMed Central: PMC4327716].
12. Bain GI, Smith ML, Watts AC. Arthroscopic core decompression of the lunate in early stage Kienbock disease of the lunate. Tech Hand Up Extrem Surg. 2011;15(1):66-9. doi: 10.1097/BTH.0b013e3181e1d2b4. [PubMed: 21358528].
13. Afshar A, Eivaziatashbeik K. Long-term clinical and radiological outcomes of radial shortening osteotomy and vascularized bone graft in Kienbock disease. J Hand Surg Am. 2013;38(2):289-96. doi: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2012.11.016. [PubMed: 23313249].
14. Watanabe T, Takahara M, Tsuchida H, Yamahara S, Kikuchi N, Ogino T. Long-term follow-up of radial shortening osteotomy for Kienbock disease. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008;90(8):1705-11. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.G.00421. [PubMed: 18676901].
15. Matsui Y, Funakoshi T, Motomiya M, Urita A, Minami M, Iwasaki N. Radial shortening osteotomy for Kienbock disease: Minimum 10-year follow-up. J Hand Surg Am. 2014;39(4):679- 85. doi: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2014.01.020. [PubMed: 24612833].
16. Ilyas AM. Proximal row carpectomy with a dorsal capsule interposition flap. Tech Hand Up Extrem Surg. 2010;14(3):136- 40. doi: 10.1097/BTH.0b013e3181d44526. [PubMed: 20818213].
17. Pisano SM, Peimer CA, Wheeler DR, Sherwin F. Scaphocapitate intercarpal arthrodesis. J Hand Surg Am. 1991;16(2):328-33. doi: 10.1016/s0363-5023(10)80121-2. [PubMed: 2022848].
18. Luegmair M, Saffar P. Scaphocapitate arthrodesis for treatment of late stage Kienbock disease. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2014;39(4):416-22. doi: 10.1177/1753193413496177. [PubMed: 23824220].
19. Rhee PC, Lin IC, Moran SL, Bishop AT, Shin AY. Scaphocapitate
arthrodesis for Kienbock disease. J Hand Surg Am. 2015;40(4): 745-51. doi: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2014.12.013. [PubMed: 25701486].
20. MacLean SBM, Bain GI. Long-term outcome of surgical treatment for Kienbock disease using an articular-based classification. J Hand Surg Am. 2021;46(5):386-95. doi: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2020.11.004. [PubMed: 33423849].
21. Lichtman DM, Degnan GG. Staging and its use in the determination of treatment modalities for Kienbock's disease. Hand Clin. 1993;9(3):409-16. Retrieved from. [PubMed: 8408251].
22. Lichtman DM, Lesley NE, Simmons SP. The classification and treatment of Kienbock's disease: The state of the art and a look at the future. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2010;35(7):549-54. doi: 10.1177/1753193410374690. [PubMed: 20621943].
23. Schmitt R, Kalb K. Imaging in Kienbock's disease. Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir. 2010;42(3):162-70. [In German]. doi: 10.1055/s-0030-1253433. [PubMed: 20552545].
24. Bain GI, MacLean SB, Tse WL, Ho PC, Lichtman DM. Kienbock disease and arthroscopy: assessment, classification, and treatment. J Wrist Surg. 2016;5(4):255-60. doi: 10.1055/s-0036- 1584546. [PubMed: 27777814]. [PubMed Central: PMC5074828].
2. Müller W. About the softening and compaction of the lunate bone, a typical disease of the wrist. Bruns' Beitr Klin Chir. 1920;119:664-82. [In German].Bain GI, MacLean SB, Yeo CJ, Perilli E, Lichtman DM. The etiology and pathogenesis of Kienbock disease. J Wrist Surg. 2016;5(4):248-54. doi: 10.1055/s-0036-1583755. [PubMed: 27777813]. [PubMed Central: PMC5074830].
4. Ringsted AX, Mb D. Kienböck with 2 brothers. Acta Chir Scand. 1932;69:185-96. [In German].
5. Stahl F. On lunomalacia (Kienbock's Disease): A clinical and roentgenological study, especially on its pathogenesis and the late results of immobilization treatment. Acta Chir Scand [Suppl]. 1947;126:3-133.
6. Lichtman DM, Mack GR, MacDonald RI, Gunther SF, Wilson JN. Kienbock's disease: The role of silicone replacement arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1977;59(7):899-908. [PubMed: 908720].
7. Bain GI, Begg M. Arthroscopic assessment and classification of Kienbock's disease. Tech Hand Up Extrem Surg. 2006;10(1):8-13. doi: 10.1097/00130911-200603000-00003. [PubMed: 16628114].
8. Bain GI, Lichtman D. Algorithmic treatment of Kienbock disease; beyond staging. Tech Hand Up Extrem Surg. 2011;15(1):32. doi: 10.1097/BTH.0b013e318209fef6. [PubMed: 21358522].
9. Schmitt R, Heinze A, Fellner F, Obletter N, Struhn R, Bautz W. Imaging and staging of avascular osteonecroses at the wrist and hand. Eur J Radiol. 1997;25(2):92-103. doi: 10.1016/s0720- 048x(97)00065-x. [PubMed: 9283837].
10. Lichtman DM, Pientka WF, Bain GI. Kienbock Disease: A New Algorithm for the 21st Century. J Wrist Surg. 2017;6(1):2-10. doi: 10.1055/s-0036-1593734. [PubMed: 28119790]. [PubMed Central: PMC5258126].
11. Danoff JR, Cuellar DO, O J, Strauch RJ. The Management of Kienbock Disease: A Survey of the ASSH Membership. J Wrist Surg. 2015;4(1):43-8. doi: 10.1055/s-0035-1544225. [PubMed: 25709878]. [PubMed Central: PMC4327716].
12. Bain GI, Smith ML, Watts AC. Arthroscopic core decompression of the lunate in early stage Kienbock disease of the lunate. Tech Hand Up Extrem Surg. 2011;15(1):66-9. doi: 10.1097/BTH.0b013e3181e1d2b4. [PubMed: 21358528].
13. Afshar A, Eivaziatashbeik K. Long-term clinical and radiological outcomes of radial shortening osteotomy and vascularized bone graft in Kienbock disease. J Hand Surg Am. 2013;38(2):289-96. doi: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2012.11.016. [PubMed: 23313249].
14. Watanabe T, Takahara M, Tsuchida H, Yamahara S, Kikuchi N, Ogino T. Long-term follow-up of radial shortening osteotomy for Kienbock disease. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008;90(8):1705-11. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.G.00421. [PubMed: 18676901].
15. Matsui Y, Funakoshi T, Motomiya M, Urita A, Minami M, Iwasaki N. Radial shortening osteotomy for Kienbock disease: Minimum 10-year follow-up. J Hand Surg Am. 2014;39(4):679- 85. doi: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2014.01.020. [PubMed: 24612833].
16. Ilyas AM. Proximal row carpectomy with a dorsal capsule interposition flap. Tech Hand Up Extrem Surg. 2010;14(3):136- 40. doi: 10.1097/BTH.0b013e3181d44526. [PubMed: 20818213].
17. Pisano SM, Peimer CA, Wheeler DR, Sherwin F. Scaphocapitate intercarpal arthrodesis. J Hand Surg Am. 1991;16(2):328-33. doi: 10.1016/s0363-5023(10)80121-2. [PubMed: 2022848].
18. Luegmair M, Saffar P. Scaphocapitate arthrodesis for treatment of late stage Kienbock disease. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2014;39(4):416-22. doi: 10.1177/1753193413496177. [PubMed: 23824220].
19. Rhee PC, Lin IC, Moran SL, Bishop AT, Shin AY. Scaphocapitate
arthrodesis for Kienbock disease. J Hand Surg Am. 2015;40(4): 745-51. doi: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2014.12.013. [PubMed: 25701486].
20. MacLean SBM, Bain GI. Long-term outcome of surgical treatment for Kienbock disease using an articular-based classification. J Hand Surg Am. 2021;46(5):386-95. doi: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2020.11.004. [PubMed: 33423849].
21. Lichtman DM, Degnan GG. Staging and its use in the determination of treatment modalities for Kienbock's disease. Hand Clin. 1993;9(3):409-16. Retrieved from. [PubMed: 8408251].
22. Lichtman DM, Lesley NE, Simmons SP. The classification and treatment of Kienbock's disease: The state of the art and a look at the future. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2010;35(7):549-54. doi: 10.1177/1753193410374690. [PubMed: 20621943].
23. Schmitt R, Kalb K. Imaging in Kienbock's disease. Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir. 2010;42(3):162-70. [In German]. doi: 10.1055/s-0030-1253433. [PubMed: 20552545].
24. Bain GI, MacLean SB, Tse WL, Ho PC, Lichtman DM. Kienbock disease and arthroscopy: assessment, classification, and treatment. J Wrist Surg. 2016;5(4):255-60. doi: 10.1055/s-0036- 1584546. [PubMed: 27777814]. [PubMed Central: PMC5074828].
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 9 No 4 (2023) | |
| Section | Review Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jost.v9i4.13929 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Kienbock Disease Classification Lunate Bone History | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Ebrahimian M, Moazen Jamshidi MM, Enayati B, Mafi AR, Mafi AH, Moharrami A. Definition and Classifications of Kienbock Disease in the Past 100 Years: A Review of the Evidence. J Orthop Spine Trauma. 2023;9(4):160-3.
