Negative Pressure Wound Therapy Uses in Orthopedic Open Fracture: A Current Concept Review
-
Mir Mansour Moazen Jamshidi
,
Behzad Nezhad Tabrizi
,
Ehsan Fallah
,
Mazaher Ebrahimian
,
Ali Salehi
,
Alireza Moharrami
,
SM Javad Mortazavi
Abstract
During an open fracture, the barrier of skin that protects the bones is breached, and the unprotected bones are exposed to the environment, resulting in contamination that leads to hematoma formation. It is often found that open fractures are associated with a high rate of morbidity and infection. In spite of the lack of evidence supporting negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT), open fractures may benefit from it. An increasing number of studies have demonstrated that it can be used to treat open fractures and open complex wounds after failure of arthroplasty or spinal surgery. Based on the recent studies and evidence, we reviewed the role of the NPWT in the open fracture in the present study.
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2. Gustilo RB, Anderson JT. JSBS classics. Prevention of infection in the treatment of one thousand and twenty-five open fractures of long bones. Retrospective and prospective analyses. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2002;84(4):682. doi: 10.2106/00004623-200204000-00029. [PubMed: 11940635].
3. Stannard JP, Volgas DA, Stewart R, McGwin G, Alonso JE. Negative pressure wound therapy after severe open fractures: A prospective randomized study. J Orthop Trauma. 2009;23(8): 552-7. doi: 10.1097/BOT.0b013e3181a2e2b6. [PubMed: 19704269].
4. Arti H, Khorami M, Ebrahimi-Nejad V. Comparison of negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) &conventional wound dressings in the open fracture wounds. Pak J Med Sci. 2016;32(1):65-9. doi: 10.12669/pjms.321.8568. [PubMed: 27022347]. [PubMed Central: PMC4795891].
5. Grant-Freemantle MC, Ryan EJ, Flynn SO, Moloney DP, Kelly MA, Coveney EI, et al. The effectiveness of negative pressure wound therapy versus conventional dressing in the treatment of open fractures: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Orthop Trauma. 2020;34(5):223-30. doi: 10.1097/BOT.0000000000001750. [PubMed: 32079890].
6. Winter GD. Formation of the scab and the rate of epithelization of superficial wounds in the skin of the young domestic pig. Nature. 1962;193:293-4. doi: 10.1038/193293a0. [PubMed: 14007593].
7. Argenta LC, Morykwas MJ. Vacuum-assisted closure: A new method for wound control and treatment: Clinical experience. Ann Plast Surg. 1997;38(6):563-76. [PubMed: 9188971].
8. Morykwas MJ, Argenta LC, Shelton-Brown EI, McGuirt W. Vacuum-assisted closure: A new method for wound control and treatment: animal studies and basic foundation. Ann Plast Surg. 1997;38(6):553-62. doi: 10.1097/00000637-199706000- 00001. [PubMed: 9188970].
9. Blum ML, Esser M, Richardson M, Paul E, Rosenfeldt FL. Negative pressure wound therapy reduces deep infection rate in open tibial fractures. J Orthop Trauma. 2012;26(9):499-505. doi: 10.1097/BOT.0b013e31824133e3. [PubMed: 22487900].
10. DeFranzo AJ, Argenta LC, Marks MW, Molnar JA, David LR, Webb LX, et al. The use of vacuum-assisted closure therapy for the treatment of lower-extremity wounds with exposed bone. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2001;108(5):1184-91. doi: 10.1097/00006534- 200110000-00013. [PubMed: 11604617].
11. Kilic A, Ozkaya U, Sokucu S, Basilgan S, Kabukcuoglu Y. Use of vacuum-assisted closure in the topical treatment of surgical site infections. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc. 2009;43(4):336-42. [In Turkish]. doi: 10.3944/AOTT.2009.336. [PubMed: 19809231].
12. Labler L, Keel M, Trentz O, Heinzelmann M. Wound conditioning by vacuum assisted closure (V.A.C.) in postoperative infections after dorsal spine surgery. Eur Spine J. 2006;15(9):1388-96. doi: 10.1007/s00586-006-0164-2. [PubMed: 16835734]. [PubMed Central: PMC2438567].
13. Miller C. The history of negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT): From "Lip Service" to the modern vacuum system. J Am Coll Clin Wound Spec. 2012;4(3):61-2. doi: 10.1016/j.jccw.2013.11.002. [PubMed: 26236637]. [PubMed Central: PMC4511545].
14. Fleischmann W, Strecker W, Bombelli M, Kinzl L. Vacuum sealing as treatment of soft tissue damage in open fractures. Unfallchirurg. 1993;96(9):488-92. [In German]. [PubMed: 8235687].
15. Langer V, Bhandari PS, Rajagopalan S, Mukherjee MK. Negative pressure wound therapy as an adjunct in healing of chronic wounds. Int Wound J. 2015;12(4):436-42. doi: 10.1111/iwj.12132. [PubMed: 23855645]. [PubMed Central: PMC7950602].
16. Driver VR, Eckert KA, Carter MJ, French MA. Cost-effectiveness of negative pressure wound therapy in patients with many comorbidities and severe wounds of various etiology. Wound Repair Regen. 2016;24(6):1041-58. doi: 10.1111/wrr.12483. [PubMed: 27669667].
17. Schneider AM, Morykwas MJ, Argenta LC. A new and reliable method of securing skin grafts to the difficult recipient bed. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1998;102(4):1195-8. doi: 10.1097/00006534- 199809040-00045. [PubMed: 9734445].
18. Scherer LA, Shiver S, Chang M, Meredith JW, Owings JT. The vacuum assisted closure device: A method of securing skin grafts and improving graft survival. Arch Surg. 2002;137(8):930- 3. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.137.8.930. [PubMed: 12146992].
19. Moisidis E, Heath T, Boorer C, Ho K, Deva AK. A prospective, blinded, randomized, controlled clinical trial of topical negative pressure use in skin grafting. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;114(4):917-22. doi: 10.1097/01.prs.0000133168.57199.e1. [PubMed: 15468399].
20. DeFranzo AJ, Marks MW, Argenta LC, Genecov DG. Vacuum- assisted closure for the treatment of degloving injuries. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1999;104(7):2145-8. doi: 10.1097/00006534- 199912000-00031. [PubMed: 11149782].
21. de Geus HR, van der Klooster JM. Vacuum-assisted closure in the treatment of large skin defects due to necrotizing fasciitis. Intensive Care Med. 2005;31(4):601. doi: 10.1007/s00134-004- 2553-5. [PubMed: 15666139].
22. Stoeckel WT, David L, Levine EA, Argenta AE, Perrier ND. Vacuum- assisted closure for the treatment of complex breast wounds. Breast. 2006;15(5):610-3. doi: 10.1016/j.breast.2005.11.006. [PubMed: 16443363].
23. DeFranzo AJ, Argenta L. Vacuum-assisted closure for the treatment of abdominal wounds. Clin Plast Surg. 2006;33(2):213- 24. doi: 10.1016/j.cps.2005.12.007. [PubMed: 16638464].
24. Stone PA, Hass SM, Flaherty SK, DeLuca JA, Lucente FC, Kusminsky RE. Vacuum-assisted fascial closure for patients with abdominal trauma. J Trauma. 2004;57(5):1082-6. doi: 10.1097/01.ta.0000149248.02598.9e. [PubMed: 15580036].
25. de Vooght A, Feruzi G, Detry R, Lerut J, Vanwijck R. Vacuum- assisted closure for abdominal wound dehiscence with prosthesis exposure in hernia surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2003;112(4):1188-9. doi: 10.1097/01.PRS.0000077233.64957.30. [PubMed: 12973257].
26. Song DH, Wu LC, Lohman RF, Gottlieb LJ, Franczyk M. Vacuum assisted closure for the treatment of sternal wounds: The bridge between debridement and definitive closure. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2003;111(1):92-7. doi: 10.1097/01.PRS.0000037686.14278.6A. [PubMed: 12496568].
27. Sjogren J, Gustafsson R, Nilsson J, Malmsjo M, Ingemansson R. Clinical outcome after poststernotomy mediastinitis: vacuum- assisted closure versus conventional treatment. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;79(6):2049-55. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2004.12.048. [PubMed: 15919308].
28. Sjogren J, Nilsson J, Gustafsson R, Malmsjo M, Ingemansson R. The impact of vacuum-assisted closure on long-term survival after post-sternotomy mediastinitis. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;80(4):1270-5. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2005.04.010. [PubMed: 16181853].
29. Argenta LC, Morykwas MJ, Marks MW, DeFranzo AJ, Molnar JA, David LR. Vacuum-assisted closure: State of clinic art. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;117(7 Suppl):127S-42S. doi: 10.1097/01.prs.0000222551.10793.51. [PubMed: 16799380].
30. Gage MJ, Yoon RS, Egol KA, Liporace FA. Uses of negative pressure wound therapy in orthopedic trauma. Orthop Clin North Am. 2015;46(2):227-34. doi: 10.1016/j.ocl.2014.11.002. [PubMed: 25771317].
31. Orgill DP, Manders EK, Sumpio BE, Lee RC, Attinger CE, Gurtner GC, et al. The mechanisms of action of vacuum assisted closure: more to learn. Surgery. 2009;146(1):40-51. doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2009.02.002. [PubMed: 19541009].
32. Saxena V, Hwang CW, Huang S, Eichbaum Q, Ingber D, Orgill DP. Vacuum-assisted closure: microdeformations of wounds and cell proliferation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;114(5):1086-96. doi: 10.1097/01.prs.0000135330.51408.97. [PubMed: 15457017].
33. Greene AK, Puder M, Roy R, Arsenault D, Kwei S, Moses MA, et al. Microdeformational wound therapy: effects on angiogenesis and matrix metalloproteinases in chronic wounds of 3 debilitated patients. Ann Plast Surg. 2006;56(4):418-22. doi: 10.1097/01.sap.0000202831.43294.02.
[PubMed: 16557076].
34. Gabriel A, Gialich S, Kirk J, Edwards S, Beck B, Soroceanu A, et al. The Haiti earthquake: The provision of wound care for mass casualties utilizing negative-pressure wound therapy. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2011;24(10):456-62. doi: 10.1097/01.ASW.0000406473.36176.79. [PubMed: 21926673].
35. Morykwas MJ, Simpson J, Punger K, Argenta A, Kremers L, Argenta J. Vacuum-assisted closure: State of basic research and physiologic foundation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;117 (7 Suppl):121S-6S. doi: 10.1097/01.prs.0000225450.12593.12. [PubMed: 16799379].
36. Scherer SS, Pietramaggiori G, Mathews JC, Prsa MJ, Huang S, Orgill DP. The mechanism of action of the vacuum-assisted closure device. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008;122(3):786-97. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0b013e31818237ac. [PubMed: 18766042].
37. Erba P, Ogawa R, Ackermann M, Adini A, Miele LF, Dastouri P, et al. Angiogenesis in wounds treated by microdeformational wound therapy. Ann Surg. 2011;253(2):402-9. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e31820563a8. [PubMed: 21217515]. [PubMed Central: PMC3403722].
38. Younan GJ, Heit YI, Dastouri P, Kekhia H, Xing W, Gurish MF, et al. Mast cells are required in the proliferation and remodeling phases of microdeformational wound therapy. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2011;128(6):649e-58e. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0b013e318230c55d. [PubMed: 22094766].
39. Younan G, Ogawa R, Ramirez M, Helm D, Dastouri P, Orgill DP. Analysis of nerve and neuropeptide patterns in vacuum-assisted closure-treated diabetic murine wounds. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2010;126(1):87-96. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181da86d0. [PubMed: 20595860].
40. Moues CM, Vos MC, van den Bemd GJ, Stijnen T, Hovius SE. Bacterial load in relation to vacuum-assisted closure wound therapy: A prospective randomized trial. Wound Repair Regen. 2004;12(1):11-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1067-1927.2004.12105.x. [PubMed: 14974959].
41. Yang CC, Chang DS, Webb LX. Vacuum-assisted closure for fasciotomy wounds following compartment syndrome of the leg. J Surg Orthop Adv. 2006;15(1):19-23. [PubMed: 16603108].
42. Zannis J, Angobaldo J, Marks M, DeFranzo A, David L, Molnar J, et al. Comparison of fasciotomy wound closures using traditional dressing changes and the vacuum-assisted closure device. Ann Plast Surg. 2009;62(4):407-9. doi: 10.1097/SAP.0b013e3181881b29. [PubMed: 19325346].
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2. Gustilo RB, Anderson JT. JSBS classics. Prevention of infection in the treatment of one thousand and twenty-five open fractures of long bones. Retrospective and prospective analyses. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2002;84(4):682. doi: 10.2106/00004623-200204000-00029. [PubMed: 11940635].
3. Stannard JP, Volgas DA, Stewart R, McGwin G, Alonso JE. Negative pressure wound therapy after severe open fractures: A prospective randomized study. J Orthop Trauma. 2009;23(8): 552-7. doi: 10.1097/BOT.0b013e3181a2e2b6. [PubMed: 19704269].
4. Arti H, Khorami M, Ebrahimi-Nejad V. Comparison of negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) &conventional wound dressings in the open fracture wounds. Pak J Med Sci. 2016;32(1):65-9. doi: 10.12669/pjms.321.8568. [PubMed: 27022347]. [PubMed Central: PMC4795891].
5. Grant-Freemantle MC, Ryan EJ, Flynn SO, Moloney DP, Kelly MA, Coveney EI, et al. The effectiveness of negative pressure wound therapy versus conventional dressing in the treatment of open fractures: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Orthop Trauma. 2020;34(5):223-30. doi: 10.1097/BOT.0000000000001750. [PubMed: 32079890].
6. Winter GD. Formation of the scab and the rate of epithelization of superficial wounds in the skin of the young domestic pig. Nature. 1962;193:293-4. doi: 10.1038/193293a0. [PubMed: 14007593].
7. Argenta LC, Morykwas MJ. Vacuum-assisted closure: A new method for wound control and treatment: Clinical experience. Ann Plast Surg. 1997;38(6):563-76. [PubMed: 9188971].
8. Morykwas MJ, Argenta LC, Shelton-Brown EI, McGuirt W. Vacuum-assisted closure: A new method for wound control and treatment: animal studies and basic foundation. Ann Plast Surg. 1997;38(6):553-62. doi: 10.1097/00000637-199706000- 00001. [PubMed: 9188970].
9. Blum ML, Esser M, Richardson M, Paul E, Rosenfeldt FL. Negative pressure wound therapy reduces deep infection rate in open tibial fractures. J Orthop Trauma. 2012;26(9):499-505. doi: 10.1097/BOT.0b013e31824133e3. [PubMed: 22487900].
10. DeFranzo AJ, Argenta LC, Marks MW, Molnar JA, David LR, Webb LX, et al. The use of vacuum-assisted closure therapy for the treatment of lower-extremity wounds with exposed bone. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2001;108(5):1184-91. doi: 10.1097/00006534- 200110000-00013. [PubMed: 11604617].
11. Kilic A, Ozkaya U, Sokucu S, Basilgan S, Kabukcuoglu Y. Use of vacuum-assisted closure in the topical treatment of surgical site infections. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc. 2009;43(4):336-42. [In Turkish]. doi: 10.3944/AOTT.2009.336. [PubMed: 19809231].
12. Labler L, Keel M, Trentz O, Heinzelmann M. Wound conditioning by vacuum assisted closure (V.A.C.) in postoperative infections after dorsal spine surgery. Eur Spine J. 2006;15(9):1388-96. doi: 10.1007/s00586-006-0164-2. [PubMed: 16835734]. [PubMed Central: PMC2438567].
13. Miller C. The history of negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT): From "Lip Service" to the modern vacuum system. J Am Coll Clin Wound Spec. 2012;4(3):61-2. doi: 10.1016/j.jccw.2013.11.002. [PubMed: 26236637]. [PubMed Central: PMC4511545].
14. Fleischmann W, Strecker W, Bombelli M, Kinzl L. Vacuum sealing as treatment of soft tissue damage in open fractures. Unfallchirurg. 1993;96(9):488-92. [In German]. [PubMed: 8235687].
15. Langer V, Bhandari PS, Rajagopalan S, Mukherjee MK. Negative pressure wound therapy as an adjunct in healing of chronic wounds. Int Wound J. 2015;12(4):436-42. doi: 10.1111/iwj.12132. [PubMed: 23855645]. [PubMed Central: PMC7950602].
16. Driver VR, Eckert KA, Carter MJ, French MA. Cost-effectiveness of negative pressure wound therapy in patients with many comorbidities and severe wounds of various etiology. Wound Repair Regen. 2016;24(6):1041-58. doi: 10.1111/wrr.12483. [PubMed: 27669667].
17. Schneider AM, Morykwas MJ, Argenta LC. A new and reliable method of securing skin grafts to the difficult recipient bed. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1998;102(4):1195-8. doi: 10.1097/00006534- 199809040-00045. [PubMed: 9734445].
18. Scherer LA, Shiver S, Chang M, Meredith JW, Owings JT. The vacuum assisted closure device: A method of securing skin grafts and improving graft survival. Arch Surg. 2002;137(8):930- 3. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.137.8.930. [PubMed: 12146992].
19. Moisidis E, Heath T, Boorer C, Ho K, Deva AK. A prospective, blinded, randomized, controlled clinical trial of topical negative pressure use in skin grafting. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;114(4):917-22. doi: 10.1097/01.prs.0000133168.57199.e1. [PubMed: 15468399].
20. DeFranzo AJ, Marks MW, Argenta LC, Genecov DG. Vacuum- assisted closure for the treatment of degloving injuries. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1999;104(7):2145-8. doi: 10.1097/00006534- 199912000-00031. [PubMed: 11149782].
21. de Geus HR, van der Klooster JM. Vacuum-assisted closure in the treatment of large skin defects due to necrotizing fasciitis. Intensive Care Med. 2005;31(4):601. doi: 10.1007/s00134-004- 2553-5. [PubMed: 15666139].
22. Stoeckel WT, David L, Levine EA, Argenta AE, Perrier ND. Vacuum- assisted closure for the treatment of complex breast wounds. Breast. 2006;15(5):610-3. doi: 10.1016/j.breast.2005.11.006. [PubMed: 16443363].
23. DeFranzo AJ, Argenta L. Vacuum-assisted closure for the treatment of abdominal wounds. Clin Plast Surg. 2006;33(2):213- 24. doi: 10.1016/j.cps.2005.12.007. [PubMed: 16638464].
24. Stone PA, Hass SM, Flaherty SK, DeLuca JA, Lucente FC, Kusminsky RE. Vacuum-assisted fascial closure for patients with abdominal trauma. J Trauma. 2004;57(5):1082-6. doi: 10.1097/01.ta.0000149248.02598.9e. [PubMed: 15580036].
25. de Vooght A, Feruzi G, Detry R, Lerut J, Vanwijck R. Vacuum- assisted closure for abdominal wound dehiscence with prosthesis exposure in hernia surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2003;112(4):1188-9. doi: 10.1097/01.PRS.0000077233.64957.30. [PubMed: 12973257].
26. Song DH, Wu LC, Lohman RF, Gottlieb LJ, Franczyk M. Vacuum assisted closure for the treatment of sternal wounds: The bridge between debridement and definitive closure. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2003;111(1):92-7. doi: 10.1097/01.PRS.0000037686.14278.6A. [PubMed: 12496568].
27. Sjogren J, Gustafsson R, Nilsson J, Malmsjo M, Ingemansson R. Clinical outcome after poststernotomy mediastinitis: vacuum- assisted closure versus conventional treatment. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;79(6):2049-55. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2004.12.048. [PubMed: 15919308].
28. Sjogren J, Nilsson J, Gustafsson R, Malmsjo M, Ingemansson R. The impact of vacuum-assisted closure on long-term survival after post-sternotomy mediastinitis. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;80(4):1270-5. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2005.04.010. [PubMed: 16181853].
29. Argenta LC, Morykwas MJ, Marks MW, DeFranzo AJ, Molnar JA, David LR. Vacuum-assisted closure: State of clinic art. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;117(7 Suppl):127S-42S. doi: 10.1097/01.prs.0000222551.10793.51. [PubMed: 16799380].
30. Gage MJ, Yoon RS, Egol KA, Liporace FA. Uses of negative pressure wound therapy in orthopedic trauma. Orthop Clin North Am. 2015;46(2):227-34. doi: 10.1016/j.ocl.2014.11.002. [PubMed: 25771317].
31. Orgill DP, Manders EK, Sumpio BE, Lee RC, Attinger CE, Gurtner GC, et al. The mechanisms of action of vacuum assisted closure: more to learn. Surgery. 2009;146(1):40-51. doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2009.02.002. [PubMed: 19541009].
32. Saxena V, Hwang CW, Huang S, Eichbaum Q, Ingber D, Orgill DP. Vacuum-assisted closure: microdeformations of wounds and cell proliferation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;114(5):1086-96. doi: 10.1097/01.prs.0000135330.51408.97. [PubMed: 15457017].
33. Greene AK, Puder M, Roy R, Arsenault D, Kwei S, Moses MA, et al. Microdeformational wound therapy: effects on angiogenesis and matrix metalloproteinases in chronic wounds of 3 debilitated patients. Ann Plast Surg. 2006;56(4):418-22. doi: 10.1097/01.sap.0000202831.43294.02.
[PubMed: 16557076].
34. Gabriel A, Gialich S, Kirk J, Edwards S, Beck B, Soroceanu A, et al. The Haiti earthquake: The provision of wound care for mass casualties utilizing negative-pressure wound therapy. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2011;24(10):456-62. doi: 10.1097/01.ASW.0000406473.36176.79. [PubMed: 21926673].
35. Morykwas MJ, Simpson J, Punger K, Argenta A, Kremers L, Argenta J. Vacuum-assisted closure: State of basic research and physiologic foundation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;117 (7 Suppl):121S-6S. doi: 10.1097/01.prs.0000225450.12593.12. [PubMed: 16799379].
36. Scherer SS, Pietramaggiori G, Mathews JC, Prsa MJ, Huang S, Orgill DP. The mechanism of action of the vacuum-assisted closure device. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008;122(3):786-97. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0b013e31818237ac. [PubMed: 18766042].
37. Erba P, Ogawa R, Ackermann M, Adini A, Miele LF, Dastouri P, et al. Angiogenesis in wounds treated by microdeformational wound therapy. Ann Surg. 2011;253(2):402-9. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e31820563a8. [PubMed: 21217515]. [PubMed Central: PMC3403722].
38. Younan GJ, Heit YI, Dastouri P, Kekhia H, Xing W, Gurish MF, et al. Mast cells are required in the proliferation and remodeling phases of microdeformational wound therapy. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2011;128(6):649e-58e. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0b013e318230c55d. [PubMed: 22094766].
39. Younan G, Ogawa R, Ramirez M, Helm D, Dastouri P, Orgill DP. Analysis of nerve and neuropeptide patterns in vacuum-assisted closure-treated diabetic murine wounds. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2010;126(1):87-96. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181da86d0. [PubMed: 20595860].
40. Moues CM, Vos MC, van den Bemd GJ, Stijnen T, Hovius SE. Bacterial load in relation to vacuum-assisted closure wound therapy: A prospective randomized trial. Wound Repair Regen. 2004;12(1):11-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1067-1927.2004.12105.x. [PubMed: 14974959].
41. Yang CC, Chang DS, Webb LX. Vacuum-assisted closure for fasciotomy wounds following compartment syndrome of the leg. J Surg Orthop Adv. 2006;15(1):19-23. [PubMed: 16603108].
42. Zannis J, Angobaldo J, Marks M, DeFranzo A, David L, Molnar J, et al. Comparison of fasciotomy wound closures using traditional dressing changes and the vacuum-assisted closure device. Ann Plast Surg. 2009;62(4):407-9. doi: 10.1097/SAP.0b013e3181881b29. [PubMed: 19325346].
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50. Khajeh R, Moharrami A, Farzan M, Molaei H, Moazen Jamshidi MM, Zarei M. Forearm amputations and crush injuries, different scenarios and treatments: Educational corner. J Orthop Spine Trauma. 2022;7(3):105-13. doi: 10.18502/jost.v7i3.8109.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 8, No 3 (2022) | |
| Section | Review Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jost.v8i3.9903 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Negative-Pressure Wound Therapy Open Fracture Wounds and Injuries | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Moazen Jamshidi MM, Nezhad Tabrizi B, Fallah E, Ebrahimian M, Salehi A, Moharrami A, Mortazavi SJ. Negative Pressure Wound Therapy Uses in Orthopedic Open Fracture: A Current Concept Review. J Orthop Spine Trauma. 2022;8(3):74-8.
