The Effect of Body Mass Index, Age, Weight, and Psychosocial Status on Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women on Hemodialysis
-
Seyyed-Mohsen Hosseininejad
,
Mehrdad Aghaei
,
Hossein Mohebi
,
Gholamreza Roshandel
,
Sahab-Sadat Tabatabaei
,
Saeid Amirkhanlou
Abstract
Background: Decreased bone mass, often measured using bone mineral density (BMD) is frequently seen in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) undergoing hemodialysis. It may cause serious bone health problems such as fractures. Several risk factors of low bone mass in the patients on hemodialysis have been proposed including age and body mass index (BMI). Our current study explored the relationship between BMI, age, sociodemographic status, and BMD among postmenopausal women on hemodialysis.
Methods: This study enrolled postmenopausal women on hemodialysis whose bone densitometry was checked and assessed with the age, BMI, and social status. Statistical analysis was performed in SPSS software.
Results: Sixty participants with a mean ± standard deviation (SD) of age of 57.00 ± 10.63 years were enrolled. After adjustment of sex and age, normal-weight women had 2 times the prevalence of low bone density compared to the obese women [prevalence ratio (PR) = 2, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.4–2.8]. For osteoporosis, the PR was also twice higher for the women with normal BMI (PR = 2, 95% CI: 1.3-2.8) and 1.6 times higher for the overweight group than the women in the obese group (PR = 1.6, 95% CI: 1.3-2.4).
Conclusion: Among the women on hemodialysis, obese women have lower prevalence of osteoporosis than normal-weight cases
1. Levey AS, Atkins R, Coresh J, Cohen EP, Collins AJ, Eckardt KU, et al. Chronic kidney disease as a global public health problem: Approaches and initiatives-a position statement from Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes. Kidney Int. 2007;72(3): 247-59. doi: 10.1038/sj.ki.5002343. [PubMed: 17568785].
2. Najafi I, Alatab S, Atabak S, Majelan NN, Sanadgol H, Makhdoomi K, et al. Seventeen years' experience of peritoneal dialysis in Iran: First official report of the Iranian peritoneal dialysis registry. Perit Dial Int. 2014;34(6):636-42. doi: 10.3747/pdi.2012.00054. [PubMed: 23733658]. [PubMed Central: PMC4164408].
3. Lindberg JS, Moe SM. Osteoporosis in end-state renal disease. Semin Nephrol. 1999;19(2):115-22. [PubMed: 10192243].
4. Chan TM, Pun KK, Cheng IK. Total and regional bone densitiesin dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1992;7(8):835-9.
[PubMed: 1325617].
5. Stein MS, Packham DK, Ebeling PR, Wark JD, Becker GJ. Prevalence and risk factors for osteopenia in dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 1996;28(4):515-22. doi: 10.1016/s0272-6386(96)90461-8. [PubMed: 8840940].
6. Taal MW, Masud T, Green D, Cassidy MJ. Risk factors for reduced bone density in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1999;14(8):1922-8. doi: 10.1093/ndt/14.8.1922. [PubMed: 10462272].
7. Barnas U, Schmidt A, Seidl G, Kaider A, Pietschmann P, Mayer
G. A comparison of quantitative computed tomography and dual X-ray absorptiometry for evaluation of bone mineral density in patients on chronic hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001;37(6):1247-52. doi: 10.1053/ajkd.2001.24529. [PubMed: 11382695].
8. Gabay C, Ruedin P, Slosman D, Bonjour JP, Leski M, Rizzoli R. Bone mineral density in patients with end-stage renal failure. Am J Nephrol. 1993;13(2):115-23. doi: 10.1159/000168600. [PubMed: 8342576].
9. Gerakis A, Hadjidakis D, Kokkinakis E, Apostolou T, Raptis S, Billis A. Correlation of bone mineral density with the histological findings of renal osteodystrophy in patients on hemodialysis. J Nephrol. 2000;13(6):437-43. [PubMed: 11132760].
10. Gal-Moscovici A, Sprague SM. Osteoporosis and chronic kidney disease. Semin Dial. 2007;20(5):423-30. doi: 10.1111/j.1525-139X.2007.00319.x. [PubMed: 17897249].
11. Neto AP, Soares A, Urbanetz AA, Souza AC, Ferrari AE, Amaral
B. Brazilian consensus on osteoporosis 2002. Rev Bras Reumatol. 2002;42(6):343-54. [In Portuguese].
12. Fortes EM, Raffaelli MP, Bracco OL, Takata ET, Reis FB, Santili C, et al. High morbid-mortability and reduced level of osteoporosis diagnosis among elderly people who had hip fractures in Sao Paulo City. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2008;52(7):1106-14. doi: 10.1590/s0004-27302008000700006. [PubMed: 19082298]. [In Portuguese].
13. Pinheiro MM, Ciconelli RM, Jacques NO, Genaro PS, Martini LA, Ferraz MB. The burden of osteoporosis in Brazil: Regional data from fractures in adult men and women-the Brazilian Osteoporosis Study (BRAZOS). Rev Bras Reumatol. 2010;50(2):113-27. [PubMed: 21125148].
14. Ripka WL, Matos OD. Relacao entre indice de massa corporal
e densidade mineral ossea em osteoporoticas pos
menopausicas. Rev Uniandrade. 2009;10(2):45-51.
[In Portuguese].
15. Silva HG, Mendonca LM, Conceicao FL, Zahar SE, Farias ML. Influence of obesity on bone density in postmenopausal women. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2007;51(6):943-9. doi: 10.1590/s0004-27302007000600008. [PubMed: 17934661]. [In Portuguese].
16. Pagani RC, Kunz RE, Girardi R, Guerra M. Body mass index as a prognostic factor for fracturing of the proximal extremity of the femur: A case-control study. Rev Bras Ortop. 2014;49(5):461-7. doi: 10.1016/j.rboe.2014.09.004. [PubMed: 26229845]. [PubMed Central: PMC4487452].
17. Faisal-Cury A, Zacchello KP. Osteoporosis: Prevalence and risk factors among > 49 year-old women in private practice environment. Acta Ortop Bras. 2007;15(3):146-50. doi: 10.1590/S1413-78522007000300005.
18. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. Bethesda, MD: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; 1998.
19. Brandao CM, Camargos BM, Zerbini CA, Plapler PG, Mendonca LM, Albergaria BH, et al. 2008 official positions of the Brazilian Society for Clinical Densitometry-SBDens. Arq BrasEndocrinol Metabol. 2009;53(1):107-12. doi: 10.1590/s0004-
27302009000100016. [PubMed: 19347193]. [In Portuguese].
20. Martini LA, Moura EC, Santos LC, Malta DC, Pinheiro MM. Prevalence of self-reported diagnosis of osteoporosis in Brazil, 2006. Rev Saude Publica. 2009; 43(Suppl 2): 107-16. doi: 10.1590/S0034-89102009000900014 [In Portuguese].
21. De Laet C., Kanis JA, Oden A, Johanson H, Johnell O, Delmas P, et al. Body mass index as a predictor of fracture risk: A meta-
analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2005;16(11):1330-8. doi:
10.1007/s00198-005-1863-y. [PubMed: 15928804].
22. Premaor MO, Pilbrow L, Tonkin C, Parker RA, Compston J. Obesity and fractures in postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res. 2010;25(2):292-7. doi: 10.1359/jbmr.091004. [PubMed: 19821769].
23. Zhao LJ, Liu YJ, Liu PY, Hamilton J, Recker RR, Deng HW. Relationship of obesity with osteoporosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92(5):1640-6. doi: 10.1210/jc.2006-0572. [PubMed: 17299077]. [PubMed Central: PMC1868430].
24. Fontana L, Eagon JC, Trujillo ME, Scherer PE, Klein S. Visceral fat adipokine secretion is associated with systemic inflammation in obese humans. Diabetes. 2007;56(4):1010-3. doi: 10.2337/db06-1656. [PubMed: 17287468].
25. Gilsanz V, Chalfant J, Mo AO, Lee DC, Dorey FJ, Mittelman SD. Reciprocal relations of subcutaneous and visceral fat to bone structure and strength. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94(9):3387-93. doi: 10.1210/jc.2008-2422. [PubMed: 19531595]. [PubMed Central: PMC2741723].
26. Choi HS, Kim KJ, Kim KM, Hur NW, Rhee Y, Han DS, et al. Relationship between visceral adiposity and bone mineral density in Korean adults. Calcif Tissue Int. 2010;87(3):218-25. doi: 10.1007/s00223-010-9398-4. [PubMed: 20631995].
27. Obesity in Asia Collaboration. Is central obesity a better discriminator of the risk of hypertension than body mass index in ethnically diverse populations? J Hypertens.
2008;26(2):169-77.doi:10.1097/HJH.0b013e3282f16ad3.
[PubMed: 18192826].
28. Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, Bautista L, Franzosi MG, Commerford P, et al. Obesity and the risk of myocardial
infarction in 27,000 participants from 52 countries: A case-control study. Lancet. 2005;366(9497):1640-9. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67663-5. [PubMed: 16271645].
29. See R, Abdullah SM, McGuire DK, Khera A, Patel MJ, Lindsey JB, et al. The association of differing measures of overweight and obesity with prevalent atherosclerosis: The Dallas Heart Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50(8):752-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.04.066. [PubMed: 17707180].
30. Balkau B, Deanfield JE, Despres JP, Bassand JP, Fox KA, Smith SC Jr, et al. International Day for the Evaluation of Abdominal Obesity (IDEA): A study of waist circumference, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes mellitus in 168,000 primary care patients in 63 countries. Circulation. 2007;116(17):1942-51. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.676379. [PubMed: 17965405]. [PubMed Central: PMC2475527].
31. Fox CS, Massaro JM, Hoffmann U, Pou KM, Maurovich-Horvat P, Liu CY, et al. Abdominal visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue compartments: Association with metabolic risk factors in the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2007;116(1):39-48. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.675355. [PubMed: 17576866].
32. Ohtani N, Yoshimoto S, Hara E. Obesity and cancer: A gut microbial connection. Cancer Res. 2014;74(7):1885-9. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-13-3501. [PubMed: 24638983].
33. Ikeoka D, Mader JK, Pieber TR. Adipose tissue, inflammation and cardiovascular disease. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992). 2010;56(1):116-21. doi: 10.1590/s0104-42302010000100026. [PubMed: 20339797].
34. Malta MB, Papini SJ, Corrente JE. Assessment of the diets ofelderly people in a city in Sao Paulo state: Application of the Healthy Eating Index. Cien Saude Colet. 2013;18(2):377-84. doi: 10.1590/s1413-81232013000200009. [PubMed: 23358763]. [In Portuguese].
35. Choi EJ, Kim KH, Koh YJ, Lee JS, Lee DR, Park SM. Coffee consumption and bone mineral density in korean premenopausal women. Korean J Fam Med. 2014;35(1):11-8. doi: 10.4082/kjfm.2014.35.1.11. [PubMed: 24501665]. [PubMed Central: PMC3912261].
36. Kanis JA. Diagnosis of osteoporosis and assessment of
fracture risk. Lancet. 2002;359(9321):1929-36. doi:
10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08761-5. [PubMed: 12057569].
37. Cote S, Ayotte P, Dodin S, Blanchet C, Mulvad G, Petersen HS, et al. Plasma organochlorine concentrations and bone ultrasound measurements: A cross-sectional study in peri-and postmenopausal Inuit women from Greenland. Environ Health. 2006;5:33. doi: 10.1186/1476-069X-5-33. [PubMed: 17184534]. [PubMed Central: PMC1770911].
38. Frazao P, Naveira M. Factors associated with low bone mineral density among white women. Rev Saude Publica. 2007;41(5):740-8. doi: 10.1590/S0034-89102007000500008. [In Portuguese].
39. Ilich JZ, Kerstetter JE. Nutrition in bone health revisited: A story beyond calcium. J Am Coll Nutr. 2000;19(6):715-37. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2000.10718070. [PubMed: 11194525].
40. Patel S. Current and potential future drug treatments for osteoporosis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1996;55(10):700-14. doi:
10.1136/ard.55.10.700. [PubMed: 8984934]. [PubMed Central: PMC1010285].
41. Lanzillotti HS, Lanzillotti RS, Trotte AP, Dias AS, Bornand B, Martins Costa EA. Osteoporosis in postmenopausal women, dietary calcium and other risk factors. Rev Nutr. 2003;16(2):181-93. doi: 10.1590/S1415-52732003000200005. [In Portuguese].
42. Lian XL, Zhang YP, Li X, Jing LD, Cairang ZM, Gou JQ. Exploration on the relationship between the elderly osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2017;21(19):4386-90. [PubMed: 29077156].
43. Lampropoulos CE, Kalamara P, Konsta M, Papaioannou I, Papadima E, Antoniou Z, et al. Osteoporosis and vascular calcification in postmenopausal women: a cross-sectional
study. Climacteric. 2016;19(3):303-7. doi: 10.3109/13697137.2016.1164134. [PubMed: 27045323].
44. Farahmand BY, Persson PG, Michaelsson K, Baron JA, Parker MG, Ljunghall S. Socioeconomic status, marital status and hip fracture risk: A population-based case-control study. Osteoporos Int. 2000;11(9):803-8. doi: 10.1007/s001980070060. [PubMed: 11148808].
45. Benetou V, Orfanos P, Feskanich D, Michaelsson K, Pettersson-
Kymmer U, Ahmed LA, et al. Education, marital status, and risk of hip fractures in older men and women: The CHANCES project. Osteoporos Int. 2015;26(6):1733-46. doi: 10.1007/s00198-015-3054-9. [PubMed: 25820745].
46. Robards J, Evandrou M, Falkingham J, Vlachantoni A. Marital status, health and mortality. Maturitas. 2012;73(4):295-9. doi:
10.1016/j.maturitas.2012.08.007.[PubMed:23007006].
[PubMed Central: PMC3635122].
47. Miller-Martinez D, Seeman T, Karlamangla AS, Greendale GA, Binkley N, Crandall CJ. Marital histories, marital support, and bone density: Findings from the midlife in the United States study. Osteoporos Int. 2014;25(4):1327-35. doi: 10.1007/s00198-
013-2602-4. [PubMed: 24424630]. [PubMed Central: PMC4027961].
48. Degrassi F, Quaia E, Martingano P, Cavallaro M, Cova MA. Imaging of haemodialysis: Renal and extrarenal findings. Insights Imaging. 2015;6(3):309-21. doi: 10.1007/s13244-015-0383-3. [PubMed: 25680325]. [PubMed Central: PMC4444797].
2. Najafi I, Alatab S, Atabak S, Majelan NN, Sanadgol H, Makhdoomi K, et al. Seventeen years' experience of peritoneal dialysis in Iran: First official report of the Iranian peritoneal dialysis registry. Perit Dial Int. 2014;34(6):636-42. doi: 10.3747/pdi.2012.00054. [PubMed: 23733658]. [PubMed Central: PMC4164408].
3. Lindberg JS, Moe SM. Osteoporosis in end-state renal disease. Semin Nephrol. 1999;19(2):115-22. [PubMed: 10192243].
4. Chan TM, Pun KK, Cheng IK. Total and regional bone densitiesin dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1992;7(8):835-9.
[PubMed: 1325617].
5. Stein MS, Packham DK, Ebeling PR, Wark JD, Becker GJ. Prevalence and risk factors for osteopenia in dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 1996;28(4):515-22. doi: 10.1016/s0272-6386(96)90461-8. [PubMed: 8840940].
6. Taal MW, Masud T, Green D, Cassidy MJ. Risk factors for reduced bone density in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1999;14(8):1922-8. doi: 10.1093/ndt/14.8.1922. [PubMed: 10462272].
7. Barnas U, Schmidt A, Seidl G, Kaider A, Pietschmann P, Mayer
G. A comparison of quantitative computed tomography and dual X-ray absorptiometry for evaluation of bone mineral density in patients on chronic hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001;37(6):1247-52. doi: 10.1053/ajkd.2001.24529. [PubMed: 11382695].
8. Gabay C, Ruedin P, Slosman D, Bonjour JP, Leski M, Rizzoli R. Bone mineral density in patients with end-stage renal failure. Am J Nephrol. 1993;13(2):115-23. doi: 10.1159/000168600. [PubMed: 8342576].
9. Gerakis A, Hadjidakis D, Kokkinakis E, Apostolou T, Raptis S, Billis A. Correlation of bone mineral density with the histological findings of renal osteodystrophy in patients on hemodialysis. J Nephrol. 2000;13(6):437-43. [PubMed: 11132760].
10. Gal-Moscovici A, Sprague SM. Osteoporosis and chronic kidney disease. Semin Dial. 2007;20(5):423-30. doi: 10.1111/j.1525-139X.2007.00319.x. [PubMed: 17897249].
11. Neto AP, Soares A, Urbanetz AA, Souza AC, Ferrari AE, Amaral
B. Brazilian consensus on osteoporosis 2002. Rev Bras Reumatol. 2002;42(6):343-54. [In Portuguese].
12. Fortes EM, Raffaelli MP, Bracco OL, Takata ET, Reis FB, Santili C, et al. High morbid-mortability and reduced level of osteoporosis diagnosis among elderly people who had hip fractures in Sao Paulo City. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2008;52(7):1106-14. doi: 10.1590/s0004-27302008000700006. [PubMed: 19082298]. [In Portuguese].
13. Pinheiro MM, Ciconelli RM, Jacques NO, Genaro PS, Martini LA, Ferraz MB. The burden of osteoporosis in Brazil: Regional data from fractures in adult men and women-the Brazilian Osteoporosis Study (BRAZOS). Rev Bras Reumatol. 2010;50(2):113-27. [PubMed: 21125148].
14. Ripka WL, Matos OD. Relacao entre indice de massa corporal
e densidade mineral ossea em osteoporoticas pos
menopausicas. Rev Uniandrade. 2009;10(2):45-51.
[In Portuguese].
15. Silva HG, Mendonca LM, Conceicao FL, Zahar SE, Farias ML. Influence of obesity on bone density in postmenopausal women. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2007;51(6):943-9. doi: 10.1590/s0004-27302007000600008. [PubMed: 17934661]. [In Portuguese].
16. Pagani RC, Kunz RE, Girardi R, Guerra M. Body mass index as a prognostic factor for fracturing of the proximal extremity of the femur: A case-control study. Rev Bras Ortop. 2014;49(5):461-7. doi: 10.1016/j.rboe.2014.09.004. [PubMed: 26229845]. [PubMed Central: PMC4487452].
17. Faisal-Cury A, Zacchello KP. Osteoporosis: Prevalence and risk factors among > 49 year-old women in private practice environment. Acta Ortop Bras. 2007;15(3):146-50. doi: 10.1590/S1413-78522007000300005.
18. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. Bethesda, MD: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; 1998.
19. Brandao CM, Camargos BM, Zerbini CA, Plapler PG, Mendonca LM, Albergaria BH, et al. 2008 official positions of the Brazilian Society for Clinical Densitometry-SBDens. Arq BrasEndocrinol Metabol. 2009;53(1):107-12. doi: 10.1590/s0004-
27302009000100016. [PubMed: 19347193]. [In Portuguese].
20. Martini LA, Moura EC, Santos LC, Malta DC, Pinheiro MM. Prevalence of self-reported diagnosis of osteoporosis in Brazil, 2006. Rev Saude Publica. 2009; 43(Suppl 2): 107-16. doi: 10.1590/S0034-89102009000900014 [In Portuguese].
21. De Laet C., Kanis JA, Oden A, Johanson H, Johnell O, Delmas P, et al. Body mass index as a predictor of fracture risk: A meta-
analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2005;16(11):1330-8. doi:
10.1007/s00198-005-1863-y. [PubMed: 15928804].
22. Premaor MO, Pilbrow L, Tonkin C, Parker RA, Compston J. Obesity and fractures in postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res. 2010;25(2):292-7. doi: 10.1359/jbmr.091004. [PubMed: 19821769].
23. Zhao LJ, Liu YJ, Liu PY, Hamilton J, Recker RR, Deng HW. Relationship of obesity with osteoporosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92(5):1640-6. doi: 10.1210/jc.2006-0572. [PubMed: 17299077]. [PubMed Central: PMC1868430].
24. Fontana L, Eagon JC, Trujillo ME, Scherer PE, Klein S. Visceral fat adipokine secretion is associated with systemic inflammation in obese humans. Diabetes. 2007;56(4):1010-3. doi: 10.2337/db06-1656. [PubMed: 17287468].
25. Gilsanz V, Chalfant J, Mo AO, Lee DC, Dorey FJ, Mittelman SD. Reciprocal relations of subcutaneous and visceral fat to bone structure and strength. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94(9):3387-93. doi: 10.1210/jc.2008-2422. [PubMed: 19531595]. [PubMed Central: PMC2741723].
26. Choi HS, Kim KJ, Kim KM, Hur NW, Rhee Y, Han DS, et al. Relationship between visceral adiposity and bone mineral density in Korean adults. Calcif Tissue Int. 2010;87(3):218-25. doi: 10.1007/s00223-010-9398-4. [PubMed: 20631995].
27. Obesity in Asia Collaboration. Is central obesity a better discriminator of the risk of hypertension than body mass index in ethnically diverse populations? J Hypertens.
2008;26(2):169-77.doi:10.1097/HJH.0b013e3282f16ad3.
[PubMed: 18192826].
28. Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, Bautista L, Franzosi MG, Commerford P, et al. Obesity and the risk of myocardial
infarction in 27,000 participants from 52 countries: A case-control study. Lancet. 2005;366(9497):1640-9. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67663-5. [PubMed: 16271645].
29. See R, Abdullah SM, McGuire DK, Khera A, Patel MJ, Lindsey JB, et al. The association of differing measures of overweight and obesity with prevalent atherosclerosis: The Dallas Heart Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50(8):752-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.04.066. [PubMed: 17707180].
30. Balkau B, Deanfield JE, Despres JP, Bassand JP, Fox KA, Smith SC Jr, et al. International Day for the Evaluation of Abdominal Obesity (IDEA): A study of waist circumference, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes mellitus in 168,000 primary care patients in 63 countries. Circulation. 2007;116(17):1942-51. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.676379. [PubMed: 17965405]. [PubMed Central: PMC2475527].
31. Fox CS, Massaro JM, Hoffmann U, Pou KM, Maurovich-Horvat P, Liu CY, et al. Abdominal visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue compartments: Association with metabolic risk factors in the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2007;116(1):39-48. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.675355. [PubMed: 17576866].
32. Ohtani N, Yoshimoto S, Hara E. Obesity and cancer: A gut microbial connection. Cancer Res. 2014;74(7):1885-9. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-13-3501. [PubMed: 24638983].
33. Ikeoka D, Mader JK, Pieber TR. Adipose tissue, inflammation and cardiovascular disease. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992). 2010;56(1):116-21. doi: 10.1590/s0104-42302010000100026. [PubMed: 20339797].
34. Malta MB, Papini SJ, Corrente JE. Assessment of the diets ofelderly people in a city in Sao Paulo state: Application of the Healthy Eating Index. Cien Saude Colet. 2013;18(2):377-84. doi: 10.1590/s1413-81232013000200009. [PubMed: 23358763]. [In Portuguese].
35. Choi EJ, Kim KH, Koh YJ, Lee JS, Lee DR, Park SM. Coffee consumption and bone mineral density in korean premenopausal women. Korean J Fam Med. 2014;35(1):11-8. doi: 10.4082/kjfm.2014.35.1.11. [PubMed: 24501665]. [PubMed Central: PMC3912261].
36. Kanis JA. Diagnosis of osteoporosis and assessment of
fracture risk. Lancet. 2002;359(9321):1929-36. doi:
10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08761-5. [PubMed: 12057569].
37. Cote S, Ayotte P, Dodin S, Blanchet C, Mulvad G, Petersen HS, et al. Plasma organochlorine concentrations and bone ultrasound measurements: A cross-sectional study in peri-and postmenopausal Inuit women from Greenland. Environ Health. 2006;5:33. doi: 10.1186/1476-069X-5-33. [PubMed: 17184534]. [PubMed Central: PMC1770911].
38. Frazao P, Naveira M. Factors associated with low bone mineral density among white women. Rev Saude Publica. 2007;41(5):740-8. doi: 10.1590/S0034-89102007000500008. [In Portuguese].
39. Ilich JZ, Kerstetter JE. Nutrition in bone health revisited: A story beyond calcium. J Am Coll Nutr. 2000;19(6):715-37. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2000.10718070. [PubMed: 11194525].
40. Patel S. Current and potential future drug treatments for osteoporosis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1996;55(10):700-14. doi:
10.1136/ard.55.10.700. [PubMed: 8984934]. [PubMed Central: PMC1010285].
41. Lanzillotti HS, Lanzillotti RS, Trotte AP, Dias AS, Bornand B, Martins Costa EA. Osteoporosis in postmenopausal women, dietary calcium and other risk factors. Rev Nutr. 2003;16(2):181-93. doi: 10.1590/S1415-52732003000200005. [In Portuguese].
42. Lian XL, Zhang YP, Li X, Jing LD, Cairang ZM, Gou JQ. Exploration on the relationship between the elderly osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2017;21(19):4386-90. [PubMed: 29077156].
43. Lampropoulos CE, Kalamara P, Konsta M, Papaioannou I, Papadima E, Antoniou Z, et al. Osteoporosis and vascular calcification in postmenopausal women: a cross-sectional
study. Climacteric. 2016;19(3):303-7. doi: 10.3109/13697137.2016.1164134. [PubMed: 27045323].
44. Farahmand BY, Persson PG, Michaelsson K, Baron JA, Parker MG, Ljunghall S. Socioeconomic status, marital status and hip fracture risk: A population-based case-control study. Osteoporos Int. 2000;11(9):803-8. doi: 10.1007/s001980070060. [PubMed: 11148808].
45. Benetou V, Orfanos P, Feskanich D, Michaelsson K, Pettersson-
Kymmer U, Ahmed LA, et al. Education, marital status, and risk of hip fractures in older men and women: The CHANCES project. Osteoporos Int. 2015;26(6):1733-46. doi: 10.1007/s00198-015-3054-9. [PubMed: 25820745].
46. Robards J, Evandrou M, Falkingham J, Vlachantoni A. Marital status, health and mortality. Maturitas. 2012;73(4):295-9. doi:
10.1016/j.maturitas.2012.08.007.[PubMed:23007006].
[PubMed Central: PMC3635122].
47. Miller-Martinez D, Seeman T, Karlamangla AS, Greendale GA, Binkley N, Crandall CJ. Marital histories, marital support, and bone density: Findings from the midlife in the United States study. Osteoporos Int. 2014;25(4):1327-35. doi: 10.1007/s00198-
013-2602-4. [PubMed: 24424630]. [PubMed Central: PMC4027961].
48. Degrassi F, Quaia E, Martingano P, Cavallaro M, Cova MA. Imaging of haemodialysis: Renal and extrarenal findings. Insights Imaging. 2015;6(3):309-21. doi: 10.1007/s13244-015-0383-3. [PubMed: 25680325]. [PubMed Central: PMC4444797].
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 5, No 2 (2019) | |
| Section | Research Articles | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jost.v5i2.3750 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Osteoporosis, hemodialysis, Body mass index, Bone mineral density, Postmenopausal | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Hosseininejad S-M, Aghaei M, Mohebi H, Roshandel G, Tabatabaei S-S, Amirkhanlou S. The Effect of Body Mass Index, Age, Weight, and Psychosocial Status on Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women on Hemodialysis. J Orthop Spine Trauma. 2020;5(2):32-6.
