Diagnosis and Treatment of Scaphoid Waist Fractures: A Literature Review
-
Mohammad Ali Okhovatpour
,
Adel Ebrahimpour
,
Mohammadreza Minator Sajjadi
,
Mehrdad Sadighi
,
Reza Zandi
,
Meysam Jafari Kafi Abadi
,
Yaser Safaei
Abstract
Scaphoid fracture can cause serious complications and its diagnosis and treatment approaches are still contentious. Tenderness of anatomical snuffbox (ASB), longitudinal compression (LC) of the thumb, and scaphoid tubercle (ST) tenderness are very sensitive tests for clinical diagnosis of scaphoid factures all together. Previous studies recommend taking four standard views of the wrist for non-displaced scaphoid fractures diagnosis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography scan (CT scan), bone scintigraphy, and ultrasound are used for triage of suspected scaphoid fractures. MRI has the highest sensitivity and specificity. CT scan images captured in planes by the long axis of the scaphoid guide the diagnosis of nondisplaced scaphoid fracture. Displaced fractures need surgical treatment, but the best way of treating a nondisplaced fracture is controversial. Same results have been determined using a short arm or long arm cast for treatment of nondisplaced scaphoid fractures as well as similar outcomes with or without a thumb-spica component to the cast. Wrist position immobilization did not affect the rate of nonunion, wrist flexion, pain, or grip strength. Percutaneous screw fixation can shorten return to work time. CT scan and MRI both can be applied for assessment of union of fracture during follow-up period. This study aims to review the literature on challenges about clinical and radiologic diagnosis of nondisplaced scaphoid fractures and also present concepts about definite management of nondisplaced and minimally-displaced scaphoid waist fractures.
1. Brauer RB, Dierking M, Werber KD. Use of the Herbert screw with the freehand method for osteosynthesis of acutescaphoid fracture. Unfallchirurg. 1997;100(10):776-81. doi:10.1007/s001130050192. [PubMed: 9446231].
2. Kozin SH. Incidence, mechanism, and natural history of scaphoid fractures. Hand Clin. 2001;17(4):515-24. [PubMed: 11775464].
3. Schaefer M, Siebert HR. Fracture of the semilunar bone. Unfallchirurg. 2002;105(6):540-52. doi: 10.1007/s00113-002-0446-z. [PubMed: 12132194].
4. Cheung GC, Lever CJ, Morris AD. X-ray diagnosis of acute scaphoid fractures. J Hand Surg Br. 2006;31(1):104-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jhsb.2005.09.001. [PubMed: 16257481].
5. Coblenz G, Christopoulos G, Frohner S, Kalb KH, Schmitt R. Scaphoid fracture and nonunion: Current status of radiological diagnostics. Radiologe. 2006;46(8):664,666-4,676. doi: 10.1007/s00117-006-1398-z. [PubMed: 16865353].
6. Tiel-van Buul MM, van Beek EJ, Borm JJ, Gubler FM, Broekhuizen AH, van Royen EA. The value of radiographs and bone scintigraphy in suspected scaphoid fracture. A statistical analysis. J Hand Surg Br. 1993;18(3):403-6. doi: 10.1016/0266-7681(93)90074-p. [PubMed: 8345279].
7. Haisman JM, Rohde RS, Weiland AJ. Acute fractures of the scaphoid. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006;88(12):2750-8. doi: 10.2106/00004623-200612000-00026. [PubMed: 17219705].
8. Madhok R, Shaw LJ, Elliott J, Gillespie LD. Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma Group (formerly the Musculoskeletal Injuries Group). About the Cochrane Collaboration (Collaborative Review Groups (CRG's)) 2007, Issue 1. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007.
9. Rhemrev SJ, Ootes D, Beeres FJ, Meylaerts SA, Schipper IB. Current methods of diagnosis and treatment of scaphoid fractures. Int J Emerg Med. 2011;4:4. doi: 10.1186/1865-1380-4-4. [PubMed: 21408000]. [PubMed Central: PMC3051891].
10. Hackney LA, Dodds SD. Assessment of scaphoid fracture healing. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2011;4(1):16-22. doi:
10.1007/s12178-011-9072-0. [PubMed: 21475561]. [PubMed Central: PMC3070004].
11. Low G, Raby N. Can follow-up radiography for acute scaphoid fracture still be considered a valid investigation? Clin Radiol. 2005;60(10):1106-10. doi: 10.1016/j.crad.2005.07.001. [PubMed: 16179171].
12. DaCruz DJ, Bodiwala GG, Finlay DB. The suspected fracture of the scaphoid: a rational approach to diagnosis. Injury. 1988;19(3): 149-52. doi: 10.1016/0020-1383(88)90003-4. [PubMed: 3248888].
13. Parvizi J, Wayman J, Kelly P, Moran CG. Combining the clinical signs improves diagnosis of scaphoid fractures. A prospective study with follow-up. J Hand Surg Br. 1998;23(3):324-7. doi: 10.1016/s0266-7681(98)80050-8. [PubMed: 9665518].
14. Duckworth AD, Buijze GA, Moran M, Gray A, Court-Brown CM, Ring D, et al. Predictors of fracture following suspected injury to the scaphoid. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2012;94(7):961-8. doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.94B7.28704. [PubMed: 22733954].
15. Leslie IJ, Dickson RA. The fractured carpal scaphoid. Natural history and factors influencing outcome. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1981; 63-B(2):225-30. [PubMed: 7217146].
16. Ring D, Jupiter JB, Herndon JH. Acute fractures of the scaphoid. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2000;8(4):225-31. doi: 10.5435/00124635-200007000-00003. [PubMed: 10951111].
17. Curtis DJ, Downey EF Jr, Brower AC, Cruess DF, Herrington WT, Ghaed N. Importance of soft-tissue evaluation in hand and wrist trauma: Statistical evaluation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1984;142(4):781-8. doi: 10.2214/ajr.142.4.781. [PubMed: 6608240].
18. Calderon SL, Ring D. The diagnostic performance characteristics of imaging techniques used in the management of scaphoid fractures. Current Opinion in Orthopaedics. 2007;18(4):309-14. doi: 10.1097/BCO.0b013e328177b235.
19. Hansen TB, Petersen RB, Barckman J, Uhre P, Larsen K. Cost-effectiveness of MRI in managing suspected scaphoid fractures. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2009;34(5):627-30. doi: 10.1177/1753193409105322. [PubMed: 19687072].
20. Brydie A, Raby N. Early MRI in the management of clinical scaphoid fracture. Br J Radiol. 2003;76(905):296-300. doi: 10.1259/bjr/19790905. [PubMed: 12763944].
21. Dorsay TA, Major NM, Helms CA. Cost-effectiveness of immediate MR imaging versus traditional follow-up for revealing radiographically occult scaphoid fractures. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2001;177(6):1257-63. doi: 10.2214/ajr.177.6.1771257. [PubMed: 11717059].
22. Raby N. Magnetic resonance imaging of suspected scaphoid fractures using a low field dedicated extremity MR system. Clin Radiol. 2001;56(4):316-20. doi: 10.1053/crad.2000.0657. [PubMed: 11286584].
23. Fowler C, Sullivan B, Williams LA, McCarthy G, Savage R, Palmer A. A comparison of bone scintigraphy and MRI in the early diagnosis of the occult scaphoid waist fracture. Skeletal Radiol. 1998;27(12):683-7. doi: 10.1007/s002560050459. [PubMed: 9921930].
24. Mallee W, Doornberg JN, Ring D, van Dijk CN, Maas M, Goslings JC. Comparison of CT and MRI for diagnosis of suspected scaphoid fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2011;93(1):20-8. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.I.01523. [PubMed: 21209265].
25. de Zwart AD, Beeres FJ, Rhemrev SJ, Bartlema K, Schipper IB. Comparison of MRI, CT and bone scintigraphy for suspected scaphoid fractures. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2016;42(6):725-31. doi: 10.1007/s00068-015-0594-9. [PubMed: 26555729].
26. Yin ZG, Zhang JB, Kan SL, Wang XG. Diagnosing suspected scaphoid fractures: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2010;468(3):723-34. doi: 10.1007/s11999-009-1081-6. [PubMed: 19756904]. [PubMed Central: PMC2816764].
27. Court-Brown C, Heckman JD, McKee M, McQueen MM, Ricci W, Tornetta P. Rockwood and Green's fractures in adults. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health; 2014.
28. Bhat M, McCarthy M, Davis TR, Oni JA, Dawson S. MRI and plain radiography in the assessment of displaced fractures of the waist of the carpal scaphoid. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2004;86(5):705-13. doi: 10.1302/0301-620x.86b5.14374. [PubMed: 15274268].
29. Ram AN, Chung KC. Evidence-based management of acute nondisplaced scaphoid waist fractures. J Hand Surg Am. 2009;34(4):735-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2008.12.028. [PubMed: 19345880]. [PubMed Central: PMC4407494].
30. Modi CS, Nancoo T, Powers D, Ho K, Boer R, Turner SM. Operative versus nonoperative treatment of acute undisplaced and minimally displaced scaphoid waist fractures-a systematic review. Injury. 2009;40(3):268-73. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2008.07.030. [PubMed: 19195652].
31. Saeden B, Tornkvist H, Ponzer S, Hoglund M. Fracture of the carpal scaphoid. A prospective, randomised 12-year follow-up comparing operative and conservative treatment. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2001;83(2):230-4. doi: 10.1302/0301-620x.83b2.11197. [PubMed: 11284571].
32. Bond CD, Shin AY, McBride MT, Dao KD. Percutaneous screw fixation or cast immobilization for nondisplaced scaphoid fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2001;83(4):483-8. doi: 10.2106/00004623-200104000-00001. [PubMed: 11315775].
33. Adolfsson L, Lindau T, Arner M. Acutrak screw fixation versus cast immobilisation for undisplaced scaphoid waist fractures. J Hand Surg Br. 2001;26(3):192-5. doi: 10.1054/jhsb.2001.0558. [PubMed: 11386765].
34. Dias JJ, Wildin CJ, Bhowal B, Thompson JR. Should acute
scaphoid fractures be fixed? A randomized controlled trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005;87(10):2160-8. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.D.02305. [PubMed: 16203878].
35. McQueen MM, Gelbke MK, Wakefield A, Will EM, Gaebler C. Percutaneous screw fixation versus conservative treatment for fractures of the waist of the scaphoid: A prospective randomised study. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2008;90(1):66-71. doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.90B1.19767. [PubMed: 18160502].
36. Vinnars B, Pietreanu M, Bodestedt A, Ekenstam F, Gerdin B. Nonoperative compared with operative treatment of acute scaphoid fractures. A randomized clinical trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008;90(6):1176-85. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.G.00673. [PubMed: 18519309].
37. Yin ZG, Zhang JB, Kan SL, Wang P. Treatment of acute scaphoid fractures: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007;460:142-51. doi: 10.1097/BLO.0b013e31803d359a. [PubMed: 17310931].
38. Davis EN, Chung KC, Kotsis SV, Lau FH, Vijan S. A cost/utility analysis of open reduction and internal fixation versus cast immobilization for acute nondisplaced mid-waist scaphoid fractures. Plast Reconstr Sur. 2006;117(4):1223-35. doi: 10.1097/01.prs.0000201461.71055.83. [PubMed: 16582791].
39. Arora R, Gschwentner M, Krappinger D, Lutz M, Blauth M, Gabl M. Fixation of nondisplaced scaphoid fractures: Making treatment cost effective. Prospective controlled trial. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2007;127(1):39-46. doi: 10.1007/s00402-006-0229-z. [PubMed: 17004075].
40. Vinnars B, Ekenstam FA, Gerdin B. Comparison of direct and indirect costs of internal fixation and cast treatment in acute scaphoid fractures: A randomized trial involving 52 patients. Acta Orthop. 2007;78(5):672-9. doi: 10.1080/17453670710014383. [PubMed: 17966028].
41. Clay NR, Dias JJ, Costigan PS, Gregg PJ, Barton NJ. Need the thumb be immobilised in scaphoid fractures? A randomised prospective trial. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1991;73(5):828-32. [PubMed: 1894676].
42. Gellman H, Caputo RJ, Carter V, Aboulafia A, McKay M. Comparison of short and long thumb-spica casts for non-displaced fractures of the carpal scaphoid. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1989;71(3):354-7. [PubMed: 2925707].
43. Tait MA, Bracey JW, Gaston RG. Acute Scaphoid Fractures: A Critical Analysis Review. JBJS Rev. 2016;4(9). doi: 10.2106/JBJS.RVW.15.00073. [PubMed: 27760075].
44. Hambidge JE, Desai VV, Schranz PJ, Compson JP, Davis TR, Barton NJ. Acute fractures of the scaphoid. Treatment by cast immobilisation with the wrist in flexion or extension? J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1999;81(1):91-2. doi: 10.1302/0301-620x.81b1.9367. [PubMed: 10068011].
45. Gaebler C, McQueen MM. Carpus fractures and dislocations. In: Rockwood CA, Bucholz RW, Court-Brown CM, Heckman JD, Tornetta P, Editors. Rockwood and Green's fractures in adults. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2010. p. 781-828.
46. Dias JJ. Definition of union after acute fracture and surgery for fracture nonunion of the scaphoid. J Hand Surg Br. 2001;26(4): 321-5. doi: 10.1054/jhsb.2001.0596. [PubMed: 11469833].
47. McNally EG, Goodman R, Burge P. The role of MRI in the assessment of scaphoid fracture healing: a pilot study. Eur Radiol. 2000;10(12):1926-8. doi: 10.1007/s003300000530. [PubMed: 11305572].
48. Amadio PC, Berquist TH, Smith DK, Ilstrup DM, Cooney WP 3rd, Linscheid RL. Scaphoid malunion. J Hand Surg Am. 1989;14(4): 679-87. doi: 10.1016/0363-5023(89)90191-3. [PubMed: 2787817].
2. Kozin SH. Incidence, mechanism, and natural history of scaphoid fractures. Hand Clin. 2001;17(4):515-24. [PubMed: 11775464].
3. Schaefer M, Siebert HR. Fracture of the semilunar bone. Unfallchirurg. 2002;105(6):540-52. doi: 10.1007/s00113-002-0446-z. [PubMed: 12132194].
4. Cheung GC, Lever CJ, Morris AD. X-ray diagnosis of acute scaphoid fractures. J Hand Surg Br. 2006;31(1):104-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jhsb.2005.09.001. [PubMed: 16257481].
5. Coblenz G, Christopoulos G, Frohner S, Kalb KH, Schmitt R. Scaphoid fracture and nonunion: Current status of radiological diagnostics. Radiologe. 2006;46(8):664,666-4,676. doi: 10.1007/s00117-006-1398-z. [PubMed: 16865353].
6. Tiel-van Buul MM, van Beek EJ, Borm JJ, Gubler FM, Broekhuizen AH, van Royen EA. The value of radiographs and bone scintigraphy in suspected scaphoid fracture. A statistical analysis. J Hand Surg Br. 1993;18(3):403-6. doi: 10.1016/0266-7681(93)90074-p. [PubMed: 8345279].
7. Haisman JM, Rohde RS, Weiland AJ. Acute fractures of the scaphoid. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006;88(12):2750-8. doi: 10.2106/00004623-200612000-00026. [PubMed: 17219705].
8. Madhok R, Shaw LJ, Elliott J, Gillespie LD. Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma Group (formerly the Musculoskeletal Injuries Group). About the Cochrane Collaboration (Collaborative Review Groups (CRG's)) 2007, Issue 1. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007.
9. Rhemrev SJ, Ootes D, Beeres FJ, Meylaerts SA, Schipper IB. Current methods of diagnosis and treatment of scaphoid fractures. Int J Emerg Med. 2011;4:4. doi: 10.1186/1865-1380-4-4. [PubMed: 21408000]. [PubMed Central: PMC3051891].
10. Hackney LA, Dodds SD. Assessment of scaphoid fracture healing. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2011;4(1):16-22. doi:
10.1007/s12178-011-9072-0. [PubMed: 21475561]. [PubMed Central: PMC3070004].
11. Low G, Raby N. Can follow-up radiography for acute scaphoid fracture still be considered a valid investigation? Clin Radiol. 2005;60(10):1106-10. doi: 10.1016/j.crad.2005.07.001. [PubMed: 16179171].
12. DaCruz DJ, Bodiwala GG, Finlay DB. The suspected fracture of the scaphoid: a rational approach to diagnosis. Injury. 1988;19(3): 149-52. doi: 10.1016/0020-1383(88)90003-4. [PubMed: 3248888].
13. Parvizi J, Wayman J, Kelly P, Moran CG. Combining the clinical signs improves diagnosis of scaphoid fractures. A prospective study with follow-up. J Hand Surg Br. 1998;23(3):324-7. doi: 10.1016/s0266-7681(98)80050-8. [PubMed: 9665518].
14. Duckworth AD, Buijze GA, Moran M, Gray A, Court-Brown CM, Ring D, et al. Predictors of fracture following suspected injury to the scaphoid. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2012;94(7):961-8. doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.94B7.28704. [PubMed: 22733954].
15. Leslie IJ, Dickson RA. The fractured carpal scaphoid. Natural history and factors influencing outcome. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1981; 63-B(2):225-30. [PubMed: 7217146].
16. Ring D, Jupiter JB, Herndon JH. Acute fractures of the scaphoid. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2000;8(4):225-31. doi: 10.5435/00124635-200007000-00003. [PubMed: 10951111].
17. Curtis DJ, Downey EF Jr, Brower AC, Cruess DF, Herrington WT, Ghaed N. Importance of soft-tissue evaluation in hand and wrist trauma: Statistical evaluation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1984;142(4):781-8. doi: 10.2214/ajr.142.4.781. [PubMed: 6608240].
18. Calderon SL, Ring D. The diagnostic performance characteristics of imaging techniques used in the management of scaphoid fractures. Current Opinion in Orthopaedics. 2007;18(4):309-14. doi: 10.1097/BCO.0b013e328177b235.
19. Hansen TB, Petersen RB, Barckman J, Uhre P, Larsen K. Cost-effectiveness of MRI in managing suspected scaphoid fractures. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2009;34(5):627-30. doi: 10.1177/1753193409105322. [PubMed: 19687072].
20. Brydie A, Raby N. Early MRI in the management of clinical scaphoid fracture. Br J Radiol. 2003;76(905):296-300. doi: 10.1259/bjr/19790905. [PubMed: 12763944].
21. Dorsay TA, Major NM, Helms CA. Cost-effectiveness of immediate MR imaging versus traditional follow-up for revealing radiographically occult scaphoid fractures. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2001;177(6):1257-63. doi: 10.2214/ajr.177.6.1771257. [PubMed: 11717059].
22. Raby N. Magnetic resonance imaging of suspected scaphoid fractures using a low field dedicated extremity MR system. Clin Radiol. 2001;56(4):316-20. doi: 10.1053/crad.2000.0657. [PubMed: 11286584].
23. Fowler C, Sullivan B, Williams LA, McCarthy G, Savage R, Palmer A. A comparison of bone scintigraphy and MRI in the early diagnosis of the occult scaphoid waist fracture. Skeletal Radiol. 1998;27(12):683-7. doi: 10.1007/s002560050459. [PubMed: 9921930].
24. Mallee W, Doornberg JN, Ring D, van Dijk CN, Maas M, Goslings JC. Comparison of CT and MRI for diagnosis of suspected scaphoid fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2011;93(1):20-8. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.I.01523. [PubMed: 21209265].
25. de Zwart AD, Beeres FJ, Rhemrev SJ, Bartlema K, Schipper IB. Comparison of MRI, CT and bone scintigraphy for suspected scaphoid fractures. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2016;42(6):725-31. doi: 10.1007/s00068-015-0594-9. [PubMed: 26555729].
26. Yin ZG, Zhang JB, Kan SL, Wang XG. Diagnosing suspected scaphoid fractures: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2010;468(3):723-34. doi: 10.1007/s11999-009-1081-6. [PubMed: 19756904]. [PubMed Central: PMC2816764].
27. Court-Brown C, Heckman JD, McKee M, McQueen MM, Ricci W, Tornetta P. Rockwood and Green's fractures in adults. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health; 2014.
28. Bhat M, McCarthy M, Davis TR, Oni JA, Dawson S. MRI and plain radiography in the assessment of displaced fractures of the waist of the carpal scaphoid. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2004;86(5):705-13. doi: 10.1302/0301-620x.86b5.14374. [PubMed: 15274268].
29. Ram AN, Chung KC. Evidence-based management of acute nondisplaced scaphoid waist fractures. J Hand Surg Am. 2009;34(4):735-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2008.12.028. [PubMed: 19345880]. [PubMed Central: PMC4407494].
30. Modi CS, Nancoo T, Powers D, Ho K, Boer R, Turner SM. Operative versus nonoperative treatment of acute undisplaced and minimally displaced scaphoid waist fractures-a systematic review. Injury. 2009;40(3):268-73. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2008.07.030. [PubMed: 19195652].
31. Saeden B, Tornkvist H, Ponzer S, Hoglund M. Fracture of the carpal scaphoid. A prospective, randomised 12-year follow-up comparing operative and conservative treatment. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2001;83(2):230-4. doi: 10.1302/0301-620x.83b2.11197. [PubMed: 11284571].
32. Bond CD, Shin AY, McBride MT, Dao KD. Percutaneous screw fixation or cast immobilization for nondisplaced scaphoid fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2001;83(4):483-8. doi: 10.2106/00004623-200104000-00001. [PubMed: 11315775].
33. Adolfsson L, Lindau T, Arner M. Acutrak screw fixation versus cast immobilisation for undisplaced scaphoid waist fractures. J Hand Surg Br. 2001;26(3):192-5. doi: 10.1054/jhsb.2001.0558. [PubMed: 11386765].
34. Dias JJ, Wildin CJ, Bhowal B, Thompson JR. Should acute
scaphoid fractures be fixed? A randomized controlled trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005;87(10):2160-8. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.D.02305. [PubMed: 16203878].
35. McQueen MM, Gelbke MK, Wakefield A, Will EM, Gaebler C. Percutaneous screw fixation versus conservative treatment for fractures of the waist of the scaphoid: A prospective randomised study. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2008;90(1):66-71. doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.90B1.19767. [PubMed: 18160502].
36. Vinnars B, Pietreanu M, Bodestedt A, Ekenstam F, Gerdin B. Nonoperative compared with operative treatment of acute scaphoid fractures. A randomized clinical trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008;90(6):1176-85. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.G.00673. [PubMed: 18519309].
37. Yin ZG, Zhang JB, Kan SL, Wang P. Treatment of acute scaphoid fractures: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007;460:142-51. doi: 10.1097/BLO.0b013e31803d359a. [PubMed: 17310931].
38. Davis EN, Chung KC, Kotsis SV, Lau FH, Vijan S. A cost/utility analysis of open reduction and internal fixation versus cast immobilization for acute nondisplaced mid-waist scaphoid fractures. Plast Reconstr Sur. 2006;117(4):1223-35. doi: 10.1097/01.prs.0000201461.71055.83. [PubMed: 16582791].
39. Arora R, Gschwentner M, Krappinger D, Lutz M, Blauth M, Gabl M. Fixation of nondisplaced scaphoid fractures: Making treatment cost effective. Prospective controlled trial. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2007;127(1):39-46. doi: 10.1007/s00402-006-0229-z. [PubMed: 17004075].
40. Vinnars B, Ekenstam FA, Gerdin B. Comparison of direct and indirect costs of internal fixation and cast treatment in acute scaphoid fractures: A randomized trial involving 52 patients. Acta Orthop. 2007;78(5):672-9. doi: 10.1080/17453670710014383. [PubMed: 17966028].
41. Clay NR, Dias JJ, Costigan PS, Gregg PJ, Barton NJ. Need the thumb be immobilised in scaphoid fractures? A randomised prospective trial. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1991;73(5):828-32. [PubMed: 1894676].
42. Gellman H, Caputo RJ, Carter V, Aboulafia A, McKay M. Comparison of short and long thumb-spica casts for non-displaced fractures of the carpal scaphoid. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1989;71(3):354-7. [PubMed: 2925707].
43. Tait MA, Bracey JW, Gaston RG. Acute Scaphoid Fractures: A Critical Analysis Review. JBJS Rev. 2016;4(9). doi: 10.2106/JBJS.RVW.15.00073. [PubMed: 27760075].
44. Hambidge JE, Desai VV, Schranz PJ, Compson JP, Davis TR, Barton NJ. Acute fractures of the scaphoid. Treatment by cast immobilisation with the wrist in flexion or extension? J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1999;81(1):91-2. doi: 10.1302/0301-620x.81b1.9367. [PubMed: 10068011].
45. Gaebler C, McQueen MM. Carpus fractures and dislocations. In: Rockwood CA, Bucholz RW, Court-Brown CM, Heckman JD, Tornetta P, Editors. Rockwood and Green's fractures in adults. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2010. p. 781-828.
46. Dias JJ. Definition of union after acute fracture and surgery for fracture nonunion of the scaphoid. J Hand Surg Br. 2001;26(4): 321-5. doi: 10.1054/jhsb.2001.0596. [PubMed: 11469833].
47. McNally EG, Goodman R, Burge P. The role of MRI in the assessment of scaphoid fracture healing: a pilot study. Eur Radiol. 2000;10(12):1926-8. doi: 10.1007/s003300000530. [PubMed: 11305572].
48. Amadio PC, Berquist TH, Smith DK, Ilstrup DM, Cooney WP 3rd, Linscheid RL. Scaphoid malunion. J Hand Surg Am. 1989;14(4): 679-87. doi: 10.1016/0363-5023(89)90191-3. [PubMed: 2787817].
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 5, No 1 (2019) | |
| Section | Review Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jost.v5i1.3316 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Scaphoid Bone; Fracture Fixation; Bone Screws; Diagnosis; Orthopedic Procedures | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Okhovatpour MA, Ebrahimpour A, Minator Sajjadi M, Sadighi M, Zandi R, Jafari Kafi Abadi M, Safaei Y. Diagnosis and Treatment of Scaphoid Waist Fractures: A Literature Review. J Orthop Spine Trauma. 2020;5(1):2-6.
